Samos and samian coins

GARDNER VP. SAMOS AND SAMIAN COIXS. Zapıoı ra ig 46Anräg wat ivi vavpaylarg elaiy lever dora! INTRODUCTION. Samos, the mightiest state in Greece in the days of Polvcrates, and a formidable rival of Athens even in those of conquered from the Porte the coveted right of home-rule, Pericles, has scarcely of late years attracted among archæologists attention proportional to its ancient renown, though politically it has won much fame. The Samians were the first of Greeks in the war of independence to take up arma, and among the last to lay them down; and have even forming a distinct principality. But until quite lately Hellenic antiquities, and successive French and German “there were no persons in the island who were interested in visitors have left us a record of inscriptions intercepted by them on the way from ancient sites to the lime-kiln or _ 1 Pausan., vi. 2, 9. DD the modern wall, of which inscriptions succeeding travellers could find no trace. It is to be hoped that the spirit of ‘veneration for ancient Greek remains, which sinks deeper year by year into the minds of modern Hellenes, will have by this time stayed the destruction, and that a local museum will be formed, and increase. Infact, much that fn ancient Samos still remains above was most remarkable VOL, IL THIRD SERIES.

© “NUMISMATIC “CHRONICLE.” SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. *-. ground. The.walls of Astypalæa, the ancient citadel of dding; and nearer, its precipitous sides seem bareand forbi with an evil the earlier modern travellers credited it all times it at for t, climate. This, however, must be unjus and oil, and has been celebrated for the production of wine ent skies. neither vine nor olive fourish except under clem quite to not In fact the inland valleys are very fruitful, if who wrote the extent implied in the proverb of Menander,® attached ly onate at a time when the Athenians were passi the island to Samos, déper xal öpridwr yada. ZEschylus calls Samos, may still be traced throughout their circuit, and at certain points are still entire. And of the three wonders of the city,?.the mole of the harbour, the aqueduct of Eupalinus, and the notable temple of Hera, remains still exist, though in ruins. The canal of Eupaliuus was discovered and partly excavated during a short stay in the island by M. Guérin Still more recently, excavations have been made on the site of the Heræum by M. Girard, who has drawn up a ground plan of the temple, though as the capital of the column which was etill im situ in the days of Tournefort and Pococke has disappeared, he could give no fresh information as to the style in which it was built, which seems, in spite of the statement of Vitruvius,? to have been a kind of primitive Ionic, combining some of the peculiarities of Doric with those of Ionic style. _ To the historian only two localities in the island are of great interest. The first is the walled ‘capital, the only town of any size existing in ancient times in Samos, where - was the citadel, Astypalæa, the temples of the gods, and ‘the harbour, the chief source of Samian wealth. The other is the site of the Heræum, on the shore of the sea a few miles outside the city walls. Between city and temple, as at Ephesus and most other great Greek cities, stretched a road frequented by pomps and processions, and bordered by graves of the ancestors and celebrities of the city. - The island, as Strabo remarks, stands high out of the sea, and isa mark to sailors far off. To those who approach ered there tw ice EXauéguros,! and we are told that roses flow export of wine in the year. And of late years the ancient inuance and has been revived with every prospect of cont a Greek city some To those who study the coins of sary preliminary. knowledge of ita religious cults isa neces s than even of Coins contain more of religious antiquitie up to Aphrodite, or Delos to Apollo, than | best general account of the island in its present state. * Bull. de Corresp. Hell., 1881. 5 vii. pref. was Samos to largest and richest Hera. The Heræum was one of the Greek mes temples of Greece, erected in very early * an a either by Rhecus or by Rhecus and Theodorus, e was in monument of still immature Ionie style. Ther were Hera of old times much dispute whether the cult maintained older at Samos or at Argos. The Argives by the city that the cult had been derived from their Semians; but the latter, not to be outdone, pointed out stream, the “the very spot, on f@ banks of their little er of agnus castus, Parthenius or Imbrasus, beneath a clust * Hat, iii. 60. * Guérin, Patmos et Samos, 1856, a work which contains the wholly given more a ester Greek times Cyprus was not ving from the where the Queen of Olympus was born, deri . 1 Persa, 883. ® Strabo, xiv. p. 438. 8 Hdt., iii 60; Pausan., vii. 14,8;

© ° WUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. fact her loca] epithet of Parthenia. That the worship of Hera at Samos was very ancient we may well believe. - That it was older than the Hellenic occupation of the island seems certain, in view of the extra-mural situation of the Heræum, and considering the peculiar character of the Samian goddess, who is clearly very different from the Hera of Homer and of Argos, and closely akin to the great feminine deities of the Asiatic mainland. The form in which Hera appears on Samian coins of Imperial times, a form of which we shall have hereafter to speak in detail, bears a close resemblance to the well-known shape of the Ephesian Artemis. And although we are unable, perhaps through loss of historical records, to trace at Samos as at Ephesus the existence of a college of priests and a hieratic organization, yet we can scarcely doubt of their existence, at least in early times. It seems, indeed, _to have been almost arbitrary what deity of the Hellenic Pantheon was identified by the Greek settlers in this or that city of Asia with the Asiatic goddess whom they .80 frequently found in possession of the spot, and whom they felt obliged to make their own under some name or other. At Ephesus and Perga the Greeks gave to the local goddess the name of Artemis, at Aphrodisias that of Aphrodite, at Hypspa probably that of Persephone. And indeed the prevailing type of goddess in Asia Minor - resembled in: some respect each of these Hellenic cousins. Like Artemis, she was mistress of the moon, and rejoiced in wild and waste places; like Aphrodite, she was patroness of sexual desire; like Persephone, she ruled the springing of the crops, and represented the invigorating force of moisture in spring. That she should be called Hera at Samos is not strange. Like Hera, she was queenly aud motherly; Hera also, like her, was the goddess of mar- _ Samos ‘AND SABELAN corns, = "205 | zlages, andin some phases by no means unconnected with “the moon. Even in classical Greek times, when the -Samian goddess was, alike by her island votaries and Greeks generally, regarded as the true Hera of the Greek Olympus, and when to her were transferred all the mythical stories of Homer and Hesiod and the mythographers, yet she still retained traces of Oriental origin, or at least a quite distinctive and peculiar character. She was emphatically the bride, the bride of Zeus; the patroness of marriages, of matrimony, and of child-birth. Her image was constantly covered with the nuptial veil, and her most frequent suppliants were virgins about to wed and wives who wished or expected to become mothers. Mystically she was connected with the life and growth of nature, and more especially with that moon which was the power of moisture, and which ruled the seasons of gestation. But Hera, although the chief, was by no means the sole deity of the island. Next to her in importance stood, not as we might expect Zeus, but Apollo Pythius, whose as well as by Pausanias.!? Polycrates is said to have conveneration at Samos is mentioned in the Homeric hymn,’ secrated Rhenea to Apollo, and to have contemplated a as will be shown below, who founded in magnificent festival in his honour. Artemis Karpopáyos © was also vencrated in the island, but this goddess was more potent in early thanin later days. It was Samian settlers, But later, Artemis, as was natural, tended more Crete a temple of Artemis Dictynnain the time of Polycrates. and more to become a fait reflex of the reigning deity. n Hesych., s.r. 9 In Apollin., 41.

NUMISMATICCHRONICLE. SAMOS ÂND BAMIAN COINS. - … No Ionian eity would be complete without a sanctuary first of Greek mariners, between the Pillars of Heracles, 00 7 . ot | ‘Poseidon. The Poseidion of Samos was situate on the - cape of the same name,!? and doubtless received full share of honour and of sacrifice from the people, Samos being one of the Ionian cities which gent representatives to the Temple of Poseidon, at the base of Mycale. Poseidon’s sou, Ancæus, was celebrated in Samian legend. There © © "207 and brought back from the ahores of the Atlantie such wealth that he could dedicate, at a cost of aix talents, the tenth of his profit, a huge krater in the temple of Hera. From such hardy voyages as this sprang the wealth of the Samians, as well as from the manufacture of pottery, for which the soil of their island was peculiarly fitted, and were Other cults in Samos, as to the foundation of which which they exported largely down to Roman times. we have more precise information; that of Hermes Kapiêörns was founded by Leogoras; that of Dionysus Kexpus by Elpis, on his return from Libya; ™ that of Zeus Eleutherius by Mæandrius, when tidings of the death of the cruel Polycrates reached the island. Several shrines were due to the piety of the Athenian settlers in Samos. Such was the temple of Aphrodite in the Marsh, erected by the Athenian courtesans who accompanied the army of Pericles when he besieged Samos, and who wrested from his victorious captains part of the booty Thus, without possessing large territory or great resources of war. Such was the temple of Demeter, and that of Athene, of which a memorial still survives in the inseription,' “Opos reueveos 'Aônvâs 'AOnvûr pedeovors. : Of the literary and artistic glories of Samos I must not speak; of Rhæœcus and Theodorus, the archaic workers in bronze; of Pythagoras, one of the greatest of the Greeks, driven from home by the tyranny of Polycrates to seek wisdom in east and west; of Mandrocles, who built the bridge of Darius over the Bosporus; of Timanthes, the great painter; of Asius the poet, and Duris the historian. Of more importance is it, from our point of view, to record the voyage of Coleus, who is said to have passed, EN ® Strabo, xiv. p. 687. # Below, under Coin-types. u ©, Z. G. No. 2246. in corn and cattle, the island became prosperous and great, and but for the sudden rise of Athens might have established on the shores of Asia a maritime empire not less extensive than that controlled by Pericles himself. Pemop I.—To sc. 494. In approaching the history of Samos it is well that I should at once state the limits within which the present article must be confined. To narrate in detail the course of Samian affairs would be a task which would far transcend the limits of this paper. And it would be in some respects a superfluous toil, as there already exists in German a laborious history of the island by Panofka.¥ More accessible is the fairly complete account of Samian history in Lacroix’s Iles de la Grèce; and an English reader may find all the more stirring episodes of Samian history narrated in Grote, and in Smith’s Dictionaries of Biography and Geograggy. 1 shall therefore content myself with indicating in the slightest manner the main episodes of Samian history. Only under the “ 3 Berlin, 1822, 8 L'Univers Pittoresque.

NUMISMATIC ‘CHRONICLE. which history is made up, or when the arrangement of following circumstances shall I speak of them in any detail: “either when the discovery of inscriptions has of recent years thrown a fresh light on any of the events of SAMOS AND .SAMIAN ‘COINS. 7 209 ship, as well, we may add, as into the rank of the servants of of Hera. In the next generation the Ionian settlers Ephesus, under their leader Androclue, made war on the Samians and their king Leogoras, alleging as the pretext Hellenic colonists. The Samians were expelled from their that they aided the Carians in their opposition to the scarcely worth our while to examine how many grains of current in the island, for Ancæus, son of Poseidon, figures prominently on late coins. It will, however, be whether the invention of Asius or not, were certainly wedded Samia, daughter of Meander, and was father of Samos, eponymous hero of the island. These traditions, mon to both cities, and Androclus was certainly venerated connection between Ephesus and Samos. As we shall hereafter see, several of the types of Imperial times are comother hand, there are indications of a close and original native island. Here, again, it may be doubted whether we are reading history: the flight to Ansa and return thence seem too closely to resemble the exile and return of the oligarchic and democratic factions which so frequently recur in the annals of the island. Yet, on the island: part went to dwell at Samothrace, part, with Leogoras himself, established Anza on the Ionian coast, whence returning after ten years they recovered their .. truth the tale may hold, whether the introduction of the at Samos as one of her founders, The reality of the colonization of Samothrace will be discussed later: in its coins in this way or that must depend on the manner in which history is read. The best account of mythical Samian history is that given by Pausanias, on the testimony of Asius, the Samian poet, son of Amphiptolemus. This writer relates that Phoenix became, by Perimeda, daughter of Oeneus, father of Astypalæa and Europa, of whom the former bore to Poseidon Ancæus, king of the Leleges. Anczeus name of Phoenix really implies traditions of a Phoenician But whether there was real connecfavour there are some arguments, though scarcely of a con- VOL. II. THIRD SERIES, ® Odys, ix. 24, ke. EE Iamw Vit, Pythag., à 2. if connected with capa (oua), we may readily believe that of an oracle, moved to Samos. But when we reflect that Samos probably means merely a lofty or conspicuous place, Cephallenian Same first, and afterwards, in consequence blichus,® for instance, says that dncæus founded the Cephallenia, which is in Homer called Same.® it seems unlikely that any value is to be attached to the tradition of a connection of the Asiatic island with tion between the Asiatic and the Thracian Samos or not, vineing character. eolony, and whether there was actually identity of race between the people of Samos and those of the Mander valley. The river Meander was a great local divinity, who frequently appears on Ionian coins, and Mandro— is a not unfrequent beginning of Samian names. In the same way I shall not attempt to decide whether the cultus of Poseidon was introduced into the island by the ~ - Jonian colonists, or existed earlier. Pausanias goes on to ‘gay that the primitive inhabitants were not expelled by the Ionian colony which came under the leadership of “ Procles, but rather received the new comers into fellowvi, 4.

1 rosy 4 # | t we At, SAMOS |AND SAMIAR | ooms. | NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, karaxrdpey av x HA poéa# here the reference no n doubt isto __… Hera’s functionsin child-birth. We have too an account, “onthe authority ofTertullian,” of a statue of Hera at . Argos beneath the feet of which was a lion’s skin. When, ‘however, we turn from the Argive Hera to those Asiatic lunar and niaternal deities with which the Samian Hera was certainly connected, we find the lion as avery usual accompaniment. In the worship of Cybele in Phrygia and Atergatis at Hierapolis the lion played an important part. The representations of Cybele as seated 7 . 215 Analtogether different way of accounting for the lion’s scalp has been adopted by some writers, as Lacroix.” There was current at Samos a story of one Elpis,a merchant, who visited the coast of Libya. Once when he had landed there he was surprised by a huge lion who gaped upon him in a fear-inspiring manner. The text of Pliny, who tells the story,” is very corrupt, but it runs, so far as can be made out, that this gaping was the result of some accident to the lion’s teeth, to remove which he mutely begged the aid of Elpis. This being granted, more detailed mention, while for the association of the the lion in gratitude supplied the merchant with venison during his stay in Africa. On his return to Samos he reader to the learned paper of M. Six in the Numismatic he had called ; and this temple was said to be of Dionysus on a lion, or between two lions, are too common to need ' lion with the goddess of Hierapolis I need but refer the Chronicle for 1878. There could thus be nothing extraordinary in interpreting a lion or a lion’s head at Samos __as one of the symbols of Hera. But it is noteworthy that what we bave on our coins is not a lion’s head of the ordinary sort, but the skin of a lion’s head, in short a _ lion’s scalp. When this skin is represented in profile it ‘takes the form of a lion’s head with mouth wide open, probably because an actual scalp in profile would be unsightly, but in no certain coin of Samos have we either a ‘lion’s head facing, or a lion’s head in profile with the mouth shut. This fact seems to me important. A lion’s ~~ ‘scalp would naturally belong to Heracles; but we do not hear of a special cult of Heracles at Samos, We find, indeed, on late coins of the Samian colony of Perinthus a figure of Heracles with the inscription 'Idvov röv «riermw; but these are scarcely sufficient as a ground for supposing Heracles erected a temple to Dionysus,on whom in his first terror Kexqvas, the Gaper, from the gaping of the lion’s jaws. The story is without a date, and probably an invention ; we should even doubt whether it established the existence of a temple of Dionysus Kexyvis at Samos, but for the parallel occurrence of an Apollo Keyqvos at Elis. Certainly it seems not impossible that the symbol of the lion’s scalp may be connected with this peculiar form of Dionysus, especially if at Samos, as in some parts of Asia Minor, Dionysus was regarded as a sun-god, in which case he would in the island take the place of Heracles and adopt his symbols. We must leave the question unsettled in the hope that the discovery of inscriptions may hereafter solve the difficulty. As it is uncertain to which deity belongs the lion’s scalp, so it must remain doubtful with which is connected the other Samian type, the bull. That the type is really a a | to have been one of the chief deities at Samos. ® Tles de la Grece, p. 240. ® De Corona, 7. viii, 16, # Leake, s.r. Samos.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, “the,threo loftiest islands of the Levant,; Cephallenia, Samos, ‘and Samothrace, acquired their common early name independently. That they would soon, in consequence of identity of name, become woven in the webs of the same great naval power, as it was able to carry on war against SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. - 21 tion against Polycrates. But the good fortune of the tyrant carried him safely through this danger. Heis said to have bought off the invaders with a quantity of coins, supposed to be of gold, but really of lead git. As, however, Herodotus*! calls this story a parouérepos exiles sailed away, and Polycrates flourished, until he Adyos, it ean scarcely be accepted as history. The Samian met his death at the hands of Orcetes, falling the victim of a device very similar to that which he is said to have practised on the Lacedæmonians. Of the expeditions of Polycrates one has left traces on the coins of Cyrene. At this period Arcesilaus IL, King of the Cyrenaica, was expelled by his subjects because he would not keep the laws of Demonax of Mantineia.” He tradition can surprise no one who has studied the genesis of historical legend. There is little in Samian history to demand attention between the time of Leogoras and that of Polycrates. Curtius makes note of the fact that Ameinocles of Corinth built triremes for Samos before the time of the Lelantian Wars, but it may be doubted whether this proves much. It is clear that in the seventh century 8.c. Samos was a the Megarians, in Thrace, for the protection of its fled to Samos, and there and in Rhodes levied an army, # Hdt., iv. 162. ® Müller, Nim. de Mane, Afrique, vol. i. p. 18. 1 Hät.,ii, 56. On the death of Polycrates the Samians raised an altar to Zeus Eleutherius. But their liberty was of short duration; Meandrius almost immediately secured the tyranny of the island. He was driven out by Syloson, brother of Polycrates, a friend of Darius Hystaspis, after place with his consent. mentioned type probably indicating the presence in the Samian army of Rhodians from Ialysus. Although Herodotus does not mention the participation of Polycrates in this expedition, yet clearly it could only take the other side the eagle’s head of Ialysus; the lastwith which, returning, he recovered his throne. We can scarcely be mistaken in finding an allusion to this expedition in the coins® which bear on the one side the silphium of Cyrene and the lion’s head of Samos, and on colonies, such as Perinthus and other cities on that coast. On land it was by no means so powerful, waging war on equal terms with the Prienians for the possession of certain districts on the mainland, the right to which was constantly in dispute between Samos and Priene down to Roman times. | The tyranny of Polycrates brought Samos to its highest point of external prosperity. About 8.c. 536° this unscrupulous and cruel man made himself sole master of the island. He defeated the Milesians and Lesbians, pillaged and conquered the neighbouring islands, and was a valued ally of Amasis, King of Egypt. But while formidable abroad he was still more so to his own subjects, a large body of whom, destined by him to death, escaped and implored the intervention uf Sparta. The delightful narrative of Herodotus records the fortunes of the embassy, the result of which was a Spartan expedi* Grote, ch. xxxiü,

= © “SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, | 218 ‘a severe conflict, in which the best blood of Samos was of Lade was of course followed by the restoration - of _ freely shed. Indeed, so many of the inhabitants fell in civil war that Syloson found it necessary to replenish the Æaces at Samos. Those of the popular party who had most cause to dread his anger did not await his retura, but sailed away to Rhegium, in South Italy. - population with colonists from Lemnos and Byzantium, and even with liberated claves. It is noteworthy that ‚great internal convulsions of this kind in Greek cities seldom leave any mark on the coin. ‘Tyrants, aristo- THE PRINCIPAL SAMIAN ÜOIN-TYPES. cracies, and democracies succeed each other; the people In the majority of cases we are at no loss, even for an are almost destroyed by external or internal violence, and their numbers are replenished by immigration, but monetary types and weight remain unchanged. The instant, to determine the meaning and reference of the reason is to be found in the nature of coin-types, which are in origin religious, so that a change in them would types on early Greek coins. No one hesitates to say that the owl at Athens belongs to the cultus of Athene, and represents her authority, or that the tripod at Croton is and the aristocracy of the island was favourable to the Persians. Not so the democracy, which was intensely Hellenic in tendency. Hence frequent conflicts and bitter the symbol of Apollo. But there are many exceptions to this general rule, and none more striking than that of the Samian coinage. For we cannot be by any means certain of the meaning of the most usual types of the island, or tell to what deity they properly belong. To begin with the lion’s scalp. In very rare instances the lion appears on monuments as the symbol of the Hellenic Hera. Thus on an unpublished early vase at animosity. Aristagoras of Miletus landed on the island to Girgenti, in the scene of the Judgment of Paris, Hera is expel Æaces and set up popular government. But there were two feelings in the Samian fleet. At the battle of Lade the majority of the Samian vessels, having come to terms with Æaces, who was in the Persian fleet, turned accompanied by a lion, and in a ler red-figured vasepainting representing the same scene,” the goddess carries a lion on her hand. This circumstance is supposed by Welcker to refer to the promises made to Paris by Hera traitors ;® only eleven ships remained faithful to the Ionian cause, their captains refusing to obey the order to though we must also observe the appositeness of the line retreat, and taking bold share in the battle. The names of Homer ® quoted by Preller, in which Hera is herself of these eleven trierarchs were by the Samians inscribed on & monument set up in the market-place, and still called a lion—érei ce Aéovra ywaıfiv Leds Onkev xai wre be resented as an impiety, and avoided as an omen of evil. The son of Syloson, Æaces, was tyrant of Samos at the time of the Ionian Revolt. He was a friend of Darius, standing there in the time of Herodotus. But the disaster 4 Hdt., iii, 149, = Hdi, vi. 18, of sovereignty in Asia, and there seems reason in this, ® Overbeck, Kunstmyth., in. 35. * Gerhard, Ant, Bildw., pl. 88, where the whole subject is discussed with references. # Il. xxi. 488,

FRS In ps ©, “ D NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, SXMOS AND SAMIAN GOINS. — ‘ bull and not a cow may be considered fairly certain, the Hera and Artemis were not fully distinguished, both -. being alike called Chesia and Imbrasia, and both bearing u ‘many traces of oriental origin. thickness of the neck being a strong indication. The bull, ‘however, never appears complete on Samian coins, but always his fore part only, with two legs bent as in swimming. Possibly he may stand for a river-god, as does the fore part of the man-headed bull at Gela, in Sicily. In this case his truncation would have a meaning, as we may see by comparing the coins of Pherae, where the fountain Hypereia issues as a half-horse from rocks, the remainder of the animal being hidden in the source. We have the type of a river-god recurring not unfrequently on Imperial coins of Samos, a river-god who may be sometimes Mæander, much venerated on the Ionian coast, but who is sometimes on Imperial coins termed Imbrasus, the stream beside which Hera was said to have been born. But.it is also possible that the bull may belong to the cultus of Hera. I do not venture to pronounce for the soundness of the view that Hera Boüzis was in early days represented with the head of a cow like the Egyptian Athor and Isis, but apart from that theory it can easily be shown that Hera was connected with oxen. The mountain by her Argive temple was called Eubcea. White cows were sacrificed to the goddess. And Io, who is in many ways her double, was consistently thought of by the Greeks as a heifer. A cow, however, is not a bull ; and we ought perhaps to hesitate to say that the latter is a Heraic symbol. Indeed, the bull is more closely connected with Artemis than Hera. There was a temple of Artemis Tauropolos at Samos,” and the festivals held in honour of that goddess are not unknown in the history of the island. But in Samos, as in many parts of Asia, # Stephanus Byzant., s.r, TavpordAuov. But with whatever name of Greek deities we connect the lion and bull at Samos, there can be little doubt that e, conjunction of the two here, as at Abdera in Thrac places, emTarsus, Citium in Cyprus, and. many other on, the bodies one of the oldest ideas of oriental religi ate all life conflict of heat and of moisture, whence origin | th. of coins the on eeen less usual than lion and bull repreSamos is the forepart of a galley. Those used to the notice once at er, howev sentations of Greek ships will, on g a has It that the galley of Samos ie of peculiar form. te projecting beak which looks in profile like the snout t e ent to ened sharp boar. The end of it was no doubt of it was waves and to split open hostile galleys, the top waves to vaulted like a duck’s back to throw of heavy a prow right and left. No doubt all Greek galleys had re designed to act as a ram, but that at Samos is sno cted ; aee long, and the deck is very high and much prote whole vessel looks thoroughly sound and sea-going. e tor of the ancients tell us that Polycrates was the inven were Samian war-galley (Sápawa): that the people that proud of it is proved by the statement of Plutarch mh es captiv ian the Samians branded their Athen while me galley, thus stamping them as state-property, es with the ‘Athenians on their part marked their captiv from 8.0. that ved Athenian owl. But it must be obser of the coins, 490 onwards, the galley is a frequent type which it could scarcely be unless some religious 34 Athenæus, 540 e. vol. 11. THIRD SERIES. 35 meaning ÿ Pericles,

represents the figure of the goddess by Smilis, which succeeded in the temple the primitive savis or block, and that the archaic simulacrum, veiled, and wearing a lofty be doubted, as Overbeek has shown,” Tt cannot reasonably SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. To this opinion several he may have been fettered in his design by some if he were contemporary wifi Rhœcus and Theodorus, ® vii 4, 5, Overbeck well remarks that the * Kunstmyth,, ii, p. 14. % Just, i, 17, | it, removed and renewed from time to time. It was implied in statements by Lactantius,® that the drapery of the goddess is not part of the image, but was placed on the hands, and that these were modified in the coin representations. It is evident from our coins, and seems copies of woollen fillets may have been used to support It is, however, possible that in the statue itself wooden earlier series which represent it in profile. But the same writer is wrong in his statement that the objects hanging from the outspread hands of the statue are always wooden supports. They are quite certainly and clearly in many cases, if not all, woollen fillets hanging down and ending in a tassel; see Pl. V., 1—3, and compare the figure of the Ephesian Artemis in the Chronicle for 1880, Pl. IX. series of coins from Hadrian to Valerian, which represent the statue full-face, are far more to be relied on as giving us an accurate copy of it, than the somewhat hieratic traditions. After all, the date of Smilis is very doubtful; and even remained as cultus-image even to the days of Pausanias.® The figure may seem rude compared with our notion of what Smilis ought to have produced; but the evidence is too overwhelming to allow of doubt in the identification. circumstances point. A galley is frequently the reverse type of the coins, the obverse of which bears a head of Hera, and on some coins the peacock of Hera stands on the galley. It was in the temple of Hera that was stored the krater of. Coleus and other records of long voyages; also votive prows themselves, as we may see from Pl. V. 1. % Menodotus. in Athenmus, xiv. p. 655. taken from sculpture, the figures of Hera and of Anceus. On quite the latest autonomous pieces occur two types belonging to the goddess. tion HPHC (Period IX.), which clearly marks the bird as thence exported to other regions. In Argive legends we find in primitive times a connection between Hera ‘and peacocks which shows early influence of Samos on the Argive cultus. Frequently on late Samian coins the sceptre, which belongs to Hera as queen of the Olympian circle, occurs in conjunction with the peacock; and ona late coin we find the figure of a peacock with the inscripwere kept in the Heræum at Samos, and native writers % declared. that the bird was autochthonous to the island, and symbol on earlier, and as a type on later coins. As to the significance of this bird there is no doubt; peacocks The peacock appears on Samian cains as an adjunct or position in regard to navigation as was occupied at Sidon by the similar Astarte. | In fact, Hera seems at Samos to have occupied the same under the patronage of Hera. NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. ' calathos on the head, which appeers on Samian coins, vies attached to it. To what-deity then was it sacred? One -would naturally suppose that in an Ionian city it could scarcely be the symbol of any deity save Poseidon. And yet it seems more probable that at Samos sea-faring was

-NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. » arranged as was becoming to a bride, in accordance with the character locally given to Hera. At a late period the figure stands between peacocks, or is surmounted by sun and moon, in allusion to mystical eastern ideas. The figure of Ancæus can scarcely be distinguished . from that of his father Poseidon. He stands naked, holding trident and patera or dolphin. No doubt here too we _ have a copy of a celebrated statue. In deseribing the coins of Period I., we begin with those in electrum; our weights are given in Troy grains. Exeorrum or Samos. PHŒNICIAN STANDARD. 1. Obv.—Forepart of bull, r., looking back, Num. Chron., vii. PL IL. 1. (B.M.) El Wt. 217. Rev. —Incuse square of four compartments, _ (Found at Samos—Borrell, 72). 2. Obv.—Lion’s head, facing. {(paris.) El. Wt.727. PI I. 2. Rev,—Incuse square. | Brandis, p.401 (Waddington.) EL Wt. 718, P 8. Obv.—Lion’s head, facing. Rev.—Incuse oblong. Brandis, p. 401 (Sestini.) El. Wt, 85-9. 4, Obv.—Lion’s head, facing, Rev,—Incuse square. (B.M.) Ei. Wt.17-7. PII, 8. (Brought home by Mr. Newton in 1868.) 5. Olw.—Bull’s head, r. ” Rev.—Incuse square. (Whittall.) El. Wt.8. PL L 4. (Found at Samos.) It is unlikely that Samos, one of the richest and most commercial cities of Ionia, would remain without a coinage after the neighbouring cities had begun to mint. But unfortunately the numismatic types belonging to Samos = SAMOS AND SÁMIAN COINS. . == 221 many other cities, and the bull or bull’s head on those of are very common in early times; the lion’s head appearing on the coins of Lydia, Miletus, Cnidus, Mytilene, and Lydia and Mytilene. It thus becomes a matter of impossibility to assign to Samos with certainty any electrum coins of the early period. The very early coin No. 5, and the stater No. 1, which belongs to a far later time,*” The types of both are bovine. have the best claim to be considered as Samian, as both Nos. 2, 3, and 4 are thirds, sixthhs, and twelfths of the were found on the island. stater of Phoenician standard. Their type is also uniform, a lion’s head facing, and their period is early. They may be with probability given to Samos, though Mytilene has almost as good a claim. In his paper on electrum coins,# Mr. Head con) ecturally assigns to Samos several electrum coins which follow the Euboic standard, and are of the earliest period of minting. EL Wt, 188:5. ELECTRUM, PERHAPS OF SAMOS. EUBOIO STANDARD. 6. Obr.—Lion's head, facing. Rev.—Oblong and triangular incuses. (B.M.) El Wt. 66-2. El. Wt. 126°6. (Found at Priene; Head, Num. Chron., 1875, p. 276, pl. ix. 4.) (B.M.) 7. Obe.—Lion’s head, facing, very rude. Rev.—Quadripartite incuse square. (Greenwell.) Rev,—Ineuse square. 8. Obv.—Lion’s head, facing (?). (Found at Mytilene ;—Borrell). Num. Chron., 1875, pl. ix. 5. “ Perhaps that of Palycrates, B. M. Guide, p. 4. © Num, Chron., 1875, p. 276.

Cpt . oy Tee wows = . U NUMISMATIC CHHONICLE,' =... ” _ © +8, Obv,—Hond of lioness, 1; (9). ©" Rev.—Incuse square, . | … _ SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS.” Lin - appear on the coin. Many of the Samiian types appear on (BM) EL Wt.676. Phocæan heete; for instance, fore-part of bull swimming (Found at Allah Shehr, in Lydia Borrell.) or looking back, lion’s head, ram’s head. As an explanation of the supposed use of the Euboi * standard in Samos, Mr. Head remarks that c “ the intimate connection existing between the people of Samo s and those of Euboea, as being the two greatest marit ime powers in Greece, cannot fail to have brought about an interchange of commodities which would have rendered it a matter of commercial policy to institute a similar coinage in the two islands.” Hence it is likely that the standard called Euboic was derived by Eubea throu gh Samos from Asia. This argument may carry some weight, but is not of course at all conclusive. I must add that the types of Nos. 8 and 9 are very obscure. I have 2. Obv.—Bull, r., looking, 1. . , 401.) EL Wt. 10-1. Rev.—Incuse square. (Paris. Brandisp. From its weight this coin would seem t@ebe a Phocæan twenty-fourth. On inquiring for it at the Bibliothèque Nationale, I was told it could not be traced; probably therefore it is in some other Paris collection. 3, Obv.—Bull walking, r., with head lowered. : ith star-like ornament. Rev.—Three incuse s, with s (Paris.) El. Wt. 216. Published by M. Fr. Lenormant, Monn. des Lagides, pl. purchased them, to ascertain where they were foun d; and a coin of Lydia, viil., 8; Brandis, p. 401. Almost certainly ofa walking type the does Nor the ineuse being Lydian. pieces did not belong to Samos. Mr. Head’s theory other side another animal type incuse, together with a small incuse oblong. These, most numismatie writers searched the notes of Mr. Borrell, from whom the Museum have discovered that No. 8 was found at Mytilene, and 9 in Lydia, facts which are not indeed fatal to the Samian attribution, but certainly detract from its probability. Even No. 6, which was found on the mainland opposite Samos, was in a small hoard whereof the other therefore remains a theory. ELECTRUM, xot or Samos, BUI SOMETIMES ATTRIBUTED TO THE ISLAND, 1. Obv.—Bull’s head, 1, Rev.—Incuse square. (Prok.-Osten, Znedita, 1854, pliv.12.) El. Wt. 40. (Allier de Hauteroche, pl. xvi. 9.) . Probably a Phocwan hecte, though the phoca docs not | bull belong properly to Samos. There is a large and well-known class of hectæ of electrum of Phocaic standard, wei ghing about forty grains, which bear on one side an animal type in relief and on the have considered to be alliance coins, struck in concert by pairs of cities on the Asiatic coast. Brandis," in accord with earlier writers, gives the following varieties to alliances between Samos and other cities :— Samos and Lesbos. 4. Olv.—Lion’s head, or panther’s head. Rev.—Calf’s head, incuse. # Minzwesen, pp. 260, 415.

_NUMISM ATIC CHRONICLE. zeBut here again the ‘evidence iin favour of such attributien is very slight. Brandis does not describe the coins in détail, but some of them seem to belong to quite other at that of Samos. The coin with the half-horse . is found at Rhodes, and may belong to Lindus; that with the sphinx may be of Perga. The pieces with the type hereafter see, into the regular Samian of half a winged boar and those with ram’s head come, as we shall series. Tt appears, then, that there is no sufficient evidence to prove that Samos issucd either clectrum or silver coins in early times in alliance with neighbouring cities. Leake ® remarks that there are certain electrum coins, of the class lately deseribed, which bear as an adjunct to the obverse type a small pearock in the field, and tat these are certainly to be given to Samos. Most numismatists are, however, now agreed that the creature called by Leake a peacock, is really a cock, in which case Dardanus is a more probable attribution than Samos. But it may be doubted whether either Samos or Dardanus can claim these coins, for we have already cited a specimen, No. 11, which bears the cock as adjunct, aud yet is inscribed with the letters A E, and so must in all probability have been issued by a mint of the island of Lesbos. It is indeed not improbable that all electrum coins with an incuse type on the reverse are Lesbian; this peculiarity of fabric may have been the recognised sign of the Lesbian mint, just as the phoca in the field is . the mint mark of Phocæa and the tunny of Cyzicus. This, however, is only a probable opinion, which must be hereafter either . disproved or established by a more # Num. Hellen, Suppl., Asia, p. 91. SAMOS “END SAMIAN coins. . 28 searching investigation. „Tamà the mere disposed to adopt ww it on learning that it is held by M. Six. - There is one other coin of this class which has been given, though without special reason, to Samos. r., in crested helmet. 15. Obr.— Head of Pallas, (B.M.) El. Wt. 88. tev.—Lion's face, incuse. Imhoof-Blumer possesses a similar colu, weighi Wt. Ged. EL 5. 386, inscribed on the obverse AE, showing that this pices ulso is Lesbii (BM) A Siuvre or Ferien L Totter Lion's seul. Rec —Incuse square. (White) & Wt 89. PI. 1.6. 5, Gb -—Head and peek of bull. r. Tier. —Inense square. 8. Cibr.—Forepart of buil, r. Wt. 25. Lier.—lncusc square. (Pinder and Friedländer, Beiträge, p. 71. pl. 1. 1.1 (Whittall.) a. Wi. 9 forepart of a lion still visible: found at Elmalu, in e-strack on an early coin of Cnidus, part of the Cuidian Armenia. fev, —Incuse square. 4, Olv.—Bull's head, r. Variety of obr. Bull's head, 1. (Whittall) Wt. 9. PL I. 7. The attribution of all of these coins to Samos is very doubtful. The type of No. 1, a lion’s scalp with the jaws on both sides, looks Samian, though the type is also found in Lycia. But the weight does not follow the Samian No. 3, on the other hand, might well standard. be a hemidrachm, and No. 4 an obol of Samian weight.

> of The coins next: tobe described are certainly Samian, with «the -ex the-excep ceptiotio n n ofof No:No: 8, wheregain agai a do doubub t is is t suog chy the weight. ae ’ . - 5. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—Bull's head, r., in ineuse square, j (B.M.) | &. ” Wt.1888 ” ” 201-2 8. Obv.—Head of bull, r. e. a. Wt.126 9. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. PLL1. | Rev.— Head of bull, 1., in incuse squar e, 10. Types as last, 4, Obv.—Lion’s head, facing. Rev.—Incuse square, divided into four. (B.M.) Æ 7 Wt. 9°5 to 8. The types of these coins are not absolutely Samian. No. 1 is not of Samian style, and the lion’s scalp on Nos. 2 and 4 lacks the flanking jaws which regularly accompany the device at Samos, All follow the Attic or Euboic standard, and this seems a reason against assigning them to the island, but by no means a conclusive one. Mr. marks on the close connection which existed between Samos and Eubea in early times as a reason why it is not unreasonable to expect the Euboic standard in Samos. (Imhoof.) m. Wt. 148. No. 3 is in fabric closely like an electrum coin. (Bunbury.) a. Wi. 9. discover Where 1, 2, 8 were found. . 11. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Re—v. Head of bull, r., in ineuse square. (Imhoof.) zæ. Wt. 158. 12. Types as last, ; (BM) Æ We 651 Head is inclined * to assign 1 and 2 to Samos, and re- Rev.—Lion's head, r., in incuse squar BM.) 8. ‘Obv.—Lion's head,’ with open mouth, ro © Rev.—Ineuse square. (Ibid., p. 277.) (BM) Æ Wi. 80. PLI 8. . 6. Obr.—Lion’s scalp. : Fev AS. Bull's head, L, in inense square, (B.M.) Æ Wt 188. PLI.9. 7. Obv.—Foreparof t ball, r. Rev.—Lion’s head, r., in incuse square, (B.M.) 2. Wt. 101-2. PI 1. 10. 5 © Rev.—Incuse oblong; with smaller incuse beside it. 200-2 » we "XOkeHion's-head, facing, © (Imhoof.) am. Wt.6-7. Pl I 12. The following early silver coins are probably not of Samos, but are here added for fear their omiss ion should be attributed to oversight :— . | E . 1. Obv.=-Forepart of bull, r., swimming. _ Aev.—Incuse square. (Num. Chron., 1875 , pl. ix. 6), . (B.M.) 2. Wt. 186. Its attribution is quite doubtful. I have been unable to Several specimens of 4 were brought home by Mr. Newton, which is in favour of their origin in Lesbos. 5, Obv.—Lion's head, facing. Rev.—Two incuse oblongs. (De Luynes.) Æ Wt. 9. This coin is given to Samos by Brandis.“ The incuse of its reverse, however, reminds us rather of Rhodes than of Samos, and the type would suit the town of Lindus in that island. ® Num, Chron. 1875, p. 277.

Sete nu . ren PR rey EN etn + NUMISMATI CHRONICLE. a _ 6 Obe —Foreparts of two bulls butting at one another. ; : Rev.—Forepart-of bull, 1, in incuse square. (BM) 2. We. 385. _ ‘Other specimens weigh from 33°8 to 28:2. One specimen has in the field of reverse Y X, and a second has X The coin with V X was attributed wrongly by Payne Knight * to Chytri, in Cyprus Borrell, a far superior authority, gives these coins to Samos; but, perhaps, considering their weight and the fact that sometimes they are of base metal, Lesbos is a more probable attribution. Tue Coronies or Samos. It is a fact, notable, though sometimes overlooked, that the permanence of coin types constituted a bond between Greek.mother city and colony. The proof is as follows :— In the case of colonies founded before the mother city possessed a coinage, the colony, when it began to issue money, assumed new types, usually quite different from those of the metropolis, and for the most part belonging to a cultus local to the place where the colony was founded. - In the case, on the other hand, of colonies founded by cities - possessing an organized monetary system, it was usual for the colony to preserve alike the types and the monetary "system of the metropolis. Thus types and.weight of . “Coreyra, ‘founded by Corinth about 8.c. 700, are quite - different from those of the metropolis, while Apollonia SAMOS AND-BAMIAN CONS. = 7 281. of Thurium, founded by Athenians in the time of Pericles, bear the head of Athene,-and are of Attic weight. Instances might easily be indefinitely multiplied. This distinction holds also with coins of the Samian colonies, as we shall have shortly to show. The earliest colonies of Samos of which mention is made are Samothrace and Anma. The historical reality of the Samothracian colony might be disputed, especially as Strabo says that the tradition of such a colony was invented by the Samians for thé sake of the credit, Sd&%s xapy, Antiphon is the authority forthe story. Professor Conze, however, the best modern authority on Samothrace, thinks it probably true.” -He suggests that if the people of Paros colonised Thasos—and this rests on good authority —a Samian occupation of the neighbouring Samothrace becomes not unlikely. Moreover, the oldest of the Samothracjan temples lies outside the walls of the chief city in the north of the island, a fact which certainly seems to show that the city was built by supervening colonists from some Greek city or other, and Samos has the best claim. The coins of Samothrace bear types belonging to the eultus of Cybele, of Hermes, and of Pallas. The two former ;. Pallas probably deities are local to the Thracian coast shows Athenian influence. But all Samothracian coins are late, and on the principle above laid down we should not expect them to resemble the Samian, even if the island were occupied by Samian colonists. - _ and Epidaminus, colonies of Corcyra founded at a later Ansea was the chief town in the Samian Perma, date, preserve a strictly Corcyrean character. The coins which extended along the Ionian shore between Mycale of Ephesus, founded by the Athenian Androclus in very and the sea. In after-days this town was more than once occupied by a defeated and exiled Samian faction, notably early times, show no trace of Athenian influence; those “= P. 162, 1. 6 Samothrace, ii. 106.

ee 5 NUMISMASIC CHRONICLE. The possession of Anza by the aristocratic party, to whom most of the land on the Continent probably belonged. and the neighbouring lands was to the Samians a continual source of trouble and of war with Priene and Miletus. But though Ansca and Samos were often bitterly hostile „one to the other, Anma never struck coins; or at least we know of none which we can attribute to the town. From very Two great Greek cities of Cilicia, Nagidus and Celenderis, are said to have been colonies of Samos.) early times these two cities kept up the issue of beautiful and well-executed coins, a sign alike of their wealth and of their different nationality from the races around them. The Cilicians were probably of Semitic race, and enjoyed a very ill reputation in antiquity. But Nagidus and Celenderis may, on the testimony of their coins—for scarcely anything else is known about them—be classed as purely Greek cities, civilised and art-loving, and possessed, no doubt, of the civic institutions which were the distinguishing mark of Greek cities everywhere. That the coins should have nothing in common with those of . Samos, as regards types and weight, would be not un“natural if their foundation was, as is probable, very early. But in Cilicia itself there was brought to M. Waddington® a very remarkable silver piece, which may have been struck either at Celenderis or Nagidus. M. Waddington thus describes it :— neaux, surmontés chacun de trois petites pointes ; dans chaque intervalle, entre les créneaux, il y a Obv.—Édifice en maçonnerie régulière, avee trois cré| _ une pointe semblable, a Pomponius Mela, i. 18. - ® Hdt., vii, 91 ; and Rawlinson’s comments. © Voyage en Asie Min., Numismatique, p. 146, pl. x. No.7 . - Rev. SAMOS AND SAMIAK OOINS. © = carré creux peu profond. 2.38 Poids: Partie antérieure d'un bœuf agenonille à droite, gr. 11'065 (1708 grains). dans un The weight of this coin is that usual on the Cilician coast ; the bull on the reverse is closely like the bull on Samian coins; the tower or city on the obverse is a type which we find not unfrequently on coins of Phoenicia, and on the Cilician coins attributed by the Duc de Luynes to Abd-Sohar.* Thus everything points to its issue by a Samian colony in Cilicia. M. Waddington conjecturally gives Nagidus a preferential claim. If it belong to that people of Nagidus had occasion to appeal for aid to city it is an exceptional piece interrupting the regular coinage, and probably issued on some occasion when the In penetrating the Propontis the Samians their mother city, an occasion similar to that on which the people of Syracuse struck with the types of Corinth.® Aswerly as the seventh century we have mention of Perinthus as a Samian colony, and as a cause of quarrel between the Samians and the Megarian founders of only followed the example of their Milesian rivals, and, Byzantium. Besides Perinthus in fact, acted on the general belief of the Greeks, that the road to national wealth lay there. But from some cause or other the they founded in the same district Bisanthe and HerzumTeichos, and in fact occupied and held the coast for a Samian colonies of the Propontis did not prosper like considerable distance. In such HH The attribution is period later than that of Alexander the Great. Cyzicus and Byzantium. They have left us coins only of a % De Luynes, Satrapies, pl. iv. 2, 8,4. disputed. Cf. B. M. Guide, p. 40, No. 40. % Head, Coinage of Syracuse, p. 28. VOL. Il. THIRD SERIES.

NUNISMATIC CHRONICLE. circumstances we should not, of course, expect to be able to connect their types with those of Satnas, Yet among the ‘Imperial Series of Perinthus are a few coins which have reference to the origin of the city. Some of thesé bear the inscription, NEPINOIQN LQNQN, or, as an epithet of Heracles, the phrase, TON KTIZTHN IQNON (PL V. 18). Others bear as type the Samian Hera, who Another bears the stands on the prow of a ship, to show that her worship reached Perinthus by sea (Pl. V. 14). legend HPA MEPINOINN,% and a figure of the same goddess. We now reach historical times, and have to speak of foundations of which the date can be approximately fixed. One of these was of the three cities of the island of Amorgos, Ægiale, Minoa, and Arcesine, by a colony led by the Samian Simmias, four hundred and ninety years after the Trojan War.’ The coins of Amorgos are all of a late period, and the types are taken from the Athenian coins or having reference to the medical deities who were especially worshipped in the island. _ From the noted friendship which existed between Polycrates and the Egyptian King Amasis, and the fact ‘that Syloson served with Cambyses in Egypt, one would naturally suppose a somewhat close relation between Samos and Egypt. We know of much which tends to confirm this view. The city of Naucratis, established in the Delta by the Greek friends of Amasis, had one quarter inhabited by Samians, and containing a temple of the Samian Hera®® Even inland the people of Samos gained a footing, establishing a colony in the Libyan desert, Fox, suppl. pl. No. 7, see below, Period IX. #1 Suidas, s.r. Stupias. ® Hat., à. 179. 238 Makapev res, seven SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. — which they called the Fortunate Isle, in the Great sand, a city days’ journey from Thebes through the ement, Oasis. There are naturally no coins of this settl identified with the modern El Khargeb, As regards and none are known even of Naucratis. re ArcesiCyrene, not only did a Samian army resto Samos. Samian laus III. to the throne of that district,® but the e,” standard of weight was adopted by Cyrene and Barc which although rarely in use elsewhere, a circumstance with almost compels us to assume a close connection occupied forcibly tan It was above stated that on the failure of the Spar ontents siege of Samos, in the time of Polycrates, the malc y despair. They betook themselves fret to sailed awajn Siphnos, afterwards to Crete, where they an colonists the city of Cydonia, expelling the Zacynthi later they who were already in possession. Five years as well as ayres nal The phrase of Herodotus is very interest- Dictynna,® which afterwards became famous, old were in turn expelled by the Æginetans, who had an not quarrel with their race. Their stay at Cydonia was le of without fruit however, for they founded there a temp other temples. s vaupax'y ing: 7a ipa ra &v Kuduvin éévra viv obrol ein. ol moujo virhoavres ijvòpamoÖioavro. The defeat of the Samians by rdv ris Aucrivys vyôv, Ext Ôè ere Alywara aùrou did not the Æginetans, and even their reduction to slavery, the cults in any way interfere with the perpetuity of ited which they established at Cydonia; the victors inher lands the gods of the vanquished,‘as they acquired their & Brandis, Münzw., p. 124. „ii. 26. Rawlinson’s edit, ü. 426. nia a frequent and their wives. On the later coins of Cydo 5 & Haät., in. 59. 6 hat iv. 182.

>” “MUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. 2 + {pe is the head of the moon-goddess, ‘who m we may ‘reasonably call Dictynna. Why the Samians chose her ‘rather than Hera for the honour of a templ e we know not; it is, however, most probable that they found her already in possession of the site, and only reli. Biously accepted her title to it. Stephauus of Byza ntium says® that the Samians, probably those expelled from Cydonia, founded Dicwarchia in Campa nia, afterwards Greek eity of Zancle, slaying the men and seizing their houses with the women and children—no uncommon pro‘éedure in early Greek history. The Samians held Zancle for some time, until they were expelled by their former patron, Anaxilaus. There are difficulties in connection with this story of which I have already spoken in the Numismatic Chronicle But we find at the beginning of the fifth century both at Rhegium and at Zancle, of the Samians which the name was changed by Anaxilaus to Messana, we coins of Sicilian weight which bear on one side the face It has been suggested by Mr. names of the respective cities; and these types are so ent type go those usual in the Samian coinage, and closely similar so dissimilar from anything in use in Sicily and Magna we the explieit statement of Herodotus that were not expelled, but reduced to slavery; but also know, on good testimony,% that Dicæarchia was a Millingen® that the lion’s face, which is a frequ on early coins of Gortyna in Crete, may have been adopt ed m consequence of the influence of Samian settle rs in Crete, descent on the opposite Sicilian’ shore. They seized the have Puteoli; but this can scarcely be true, for not only Cumzxan eolony. 237 Of this, however, there is no proof, and the distance between Cydonia and Gortyna is consi derable. In Zancle we have a change the conquerors should introduce coins nearly like those to after the suppression of the Ionian revolt in p.c. 494 tyrant Æaces returned to Samos with Persian troop our s, the which they were accustomed, only of the standard of fear weight now universal in Sicily. This reasoning, however, does not apply nearly so well to the introduction of Samian types at Rhegium, a city which the Samians did not conquer, but where they only dwelt for a time as members of the democratic party, who had most to from his animosity, took sail and fled towards the West. They were invited by the Sicilian Greeks to settle at Calacte, but on their way, landing at the Italian Locri, > they were persuaded by Anaxilaus, ruler of traces of Samian influence. When founded in later times, and has, in accordance with d. Gracia, that we can scarcely hesitate to see in them of name and of monetary standard at the same time that the types change, indicating an entirely new departure at the city in consequence of the Samian conquest. In the circumstances it seems natural that into that city the _ One Samian colony remains for mention which was canon, left us an interesting numismatie recor of a lion and on the other the head of a calf, with the Rhegium, to A his protection ; and, in conjunction with him and is Messenian colonists of Rhegium, they made a pirati cal guests, if indeed history is to be trusted. It has been supposed of late that a fresh memorial of the Samian immigration is to be found in the coins described below (Pl. I., Nos. 17, 18), which bear on one 68 sv. TlourioAos. ® Sylloge, p. 61. # Strabo, 245, &c.

m “le NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. D side the scalp of a lion, on the other-a ship’s prow. M. . Sambon has stated” that some tetradraehms of this class were found near Messina, in Sicily, in-a hoard, together with coins of Messana and Rhegium of Samian types four early coins of Acanthus, in Macedon, and some ‘ twonty archaic tetradrachms of Athens, In favour of their issue in Sicily is the weight (Attic); but the circumstance that the scalp rather than the head of a lion is depicted on them points rather to Samos than Messana. Whether, however, they issued from Asiatic or Sicilian mint, they may reasonably be given to the period about B.c, 490, and they would be likely coins for the Samian colonists to carry with them in their flight. Dr. von Sallet by a hypothesis bold yet scarcely to be called rash, maintains that these coins were minted in Samos for the colonists on their departure. He further thinks that the composition of the hoard of coins above mentioned indicates the route taken by the emigrants, and that they probably called first at Acanthus and then at Athens on their way to Italy. I ought to add that Dr. Friedländer gives the coins to.a later period. Pzriop II.—n.c, 494—489. aces was succeeded as tyrant of Samos by Theomestor whom Xerxes set over the island as a reward for the _ brayery which he displayed at the battle of Salamis. He was ruler at the time of the battle of Mycale, to which great feat of arms the Samians, according to Herodotus, ® Zeitschr. f. Numism., iv. 17. ® ix. 90. and pee von Sallet’s remarks in Zeitschr. f, Numism., iii. 185; er} |: AMOS AND SAMTAN COINS. 239 Leotycontributed nota little. The Greek fleet, under an chides, was stationed at Delos, when it was by Sami ition land and attack the Persian fleet there, an exped messengers persuaded to cross over to the Asiatic maina crowned with the most splendid success. And this victory was the beginning of an era of prosperity to the Samians. Their shipping was famed in many seas, and so great was their warlike power that they alone, with the Chians and Lesbians, became free and equal members of the Athenian confederacy, paying no tribute, but only furnishing naval force. But this independence led to their downfall. In opposition to the Prienians, and even to the people of Miletus, who took the part of the Prienians, the Samians The worsted Milesians applied to Athens grasped and Wetained territory on the mainland under Mount Mycale. s. for redress, and it is said that they found in their countrywoman, Aspasia, an effective pleader of their h in But apart from such influences there was quite enoug cause in the eyes of Pericles, then all-powerful at Athen the position and pretensions of Samos to alarm the jealousy of the Athenian democracy.” In 8.c. 439 an expedition of forty ships was dispatched to the island, which established there a democratic form of government and carried off several hostages. But the hostages escaped,” and now an open revolt against Athens took place. Pericles had to sail with a force of sixty triremes, and undertake a formal siege of the chief city, Samos. After a long and doubtful conflict the Athenians were give up their war-ships, to furnish hostages, and to pay the victorious; the Samians had to raze their fortifications, to 7 Grote, ch. zlvii. n Thucyd., i. 114, 115,

|| NÜMISMATIC. CHRONICLE. . + cost of the war. Thenceforward we find Samos a constant ally of Athens, sending a contingent to Sicily and sharing Perton IIL —B.c. 439—394, “all the Athenian ventures. ae At once it The period which followed the Athenian conquest of Samos was for the island a stirring time. drifted into the midst of the stream of Greek politics. At statue, speaks with contempt of the Samians for having set up statues, within a few. years, ‘first io Alcibiades, next to Lysander, and then to Conon; ‘but Panofka™ with justice replies that the dedications, although all by Samians, were by no means by the same persons, but by the members of factions bitterly opposed one to the other. The history of Samos, like that of nearly all Greek cities, and democratic parties, and of the alternate victories of is a continuous record of faction-fights between aristocratic Thus, while the popular faction poured adulation each. The coins which may be assigned to the two periods Corns or Perroos IL, III. tection. over the Lacedæmonians at Cnidus, in b.c. 394, at once sailed to the island, expelled the Lacedæmonian harmost, and set up once more a democracy under Athenian proever, did not long last; for Conon, after his great victory on Alcibiades gnd Conon, the wealthy faction heaped first the Samians were faithful allies of Athens, and even honours on Lysander. If we forget facts like these in our reading of Greek history, we shall greatly misunderstand it. The settlement of the island by Lysander, howafter the reverse at Syracuse, when Chios revolted, Samos remained staunch. In all the events which preceded the battles of Ægospotami and Arginusæ, the history of Samos is the history of Greece. After the crowning victory of Lysander, and the surrender to him of Athens, the Athenians begged to be allowed to retain the supremacy of Samos, but the Spartan general refused in a bitter apophthegm which became a proverb : But so great was the affection of the Samians for the "Os airés atrdv où eye 2dpov Oker. Lysander had to proceed Athenian alliance, that they could only be driven to give it up by the pressure of force. ij » RM) x Wt 267-2. Pi 1,17. IT PP VOL. li, THIRD SERIES, B Samas, p. 78. Rer.—Forepart of galley, 1.,in circularincuse. 1. Obr.—Lion’s scalp. in Sicily, the varieties of our Nos. 1 and 2, coins of which we have already spoken. it be Samian, or even if it was issued by Samian colonists hopeless. To the beginning of Period IL must belong, if by valuable landmarks, and the task is by no means under discussion are numerous, and their classification offers considerable difficulty. We are, however, assisted to the island and besiege the chief city. He took it, and allowed the inhabitants to march out with one garment apiece; after which he abolished the democracy and set up an oligarchy under Spartan control. The patricians + thus restored to power set no limits to their adulation of . their Laconian patron. They set up statues in his honour both in Samos and at Olympia, and even changed the name of the festival of their great goddess from Herma to Lysandria. Pausanias,” in mentioning the Olympian

:: NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. in field, À U to Phaselis, in field, | Wt. 268, i 18. FOR even (Wiezay); in War 6 tale 7 “Other specimens :— 7 … a8 above (Zft.f. Num. üi,, pl ii. 6.) 1.77 | 2. Obv.—Lion's scalp. (Imhoof.) &. Wt.17. PLL ” Rev.—Forepart of galley, L, in circular incuse, a And at the end of Period III. must be placed the eoins issued by Samos as a member of the Cnidiau symmachy, which will be described under Period IV. I The series of coins thus limited on both sides is also, as we shall find, naturally divided in the middle. Head and neck of bull, 1. (BM.) 2. Wt. 1968. PL I. 18. attribute to Period II. a series of lumpish, carelessly struck pieces, with various symbols in the field. 8. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—ZAMION. (BM) 2. Wt. 2044. PI I li. h - Various symbols in field, such as—crested Head and neck of bull, r. 4. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—ZA. u Varieties of er yo, Spores aeroelo elmet, astragalus, peacock, wheel, eye, Yom (inser. AZ.) (all B.M.). 5.. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. (BM) Æ Wt. 1994. PI. L 15. Head and neck of bull, r., m and fore part of (Berlin.) Wt. 198. Zeitschr, f. Num, v. pl. ii. 6. galley. Rev.—ZA. Another. spray. (BM.) 2, Wet. 2027. PL I. 16. 6. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—ZA. Head and neck of bull, r.; behind, olive- At first this assignment of date may arouse a doubt, for these pieces are not marked by the presence of the incuse square, which we expect to find in Asiatic 243 - Their fabric is, however, SAMOS AND'SAMIAN COINS. coins of the fifth century. almost exactly like that of the earliest coins of Athens, which also frequently are without the incuse, and is so rude and untrained as to point clearly to an early epoch. The symbols in the field may be compared with those which appear on the contemporary coins of Abdera, in Thrace, of the early kings of Macedon, and in a few other series of early times. Their presence suggests, though it cannot be said to prove, that the monetary magistrates of Samos in the fifth century were men of importance. One or two of them,gs the forepart of a galley and the peacock, make their appearance hereafter as types and not meresymbols. The usual inscription is ZA, but in one case we have ZAMION. This last word is not to be interpreted The forms of the letters in the inscription we Sapiwv, for the (2 was in use in Tonic cities earlier than ».c. 500, but Sápiov (vopeopa?); and we find parallel forms © at in this period elsewhere, Kur at Cos, and ‘Egécuor Ephesus. are discussing are almost exactly the same as those used in the inscription found at Olympia on the base of the statue of Euthymus,” which was dedicated about 8.c. 470, and executed by Pythagoras of Rhegium, who is called in the inscription Fvôeyópas Sduws. This coincidence tends to confirm my assignment of date. This series of coins I conceive to have lasted down to the time of the Athenian conquest. No. 5 has an olivebranch in the field; and it is hardly rash to see in this adjunct the sign of Athenian conquest, the olive being the 1% Cat. Gr. Coins, Thrace, &e., pp. 65—8. 75 Coinage of Ephesus, p. 20. 1 Arch. Zeitschr., xxxvi. p. 82; Roebl, Inser. Gr. Antiquiss.,

in; ad | NUMISMATIC CRRONIOLE. #, ES ; special symbol of Athene, and appearing regularly on the “ 10, Obr.—Lion'e scalp. | traces not -11. Obw.—Laon’s scalp. "Athenian coins. Hencefarth all Semiam large silver coin: Be _ bear"this adjunct. | 0 mé LUN “The Athenian conquest of Samos.leaves its only. in the introduetion of the olive-spray, but in the issue of coins of Attic weight, bearing usually the monogram A or the letter A, and a deep, strongly struck incuse square. 7. Obv. —Lion's scalp. Rev.—ZAMI. Forepart of bull, r.; behind, olive-spray : ornament round bull's neck; below A: all in incuse square. (B.M.) At. Wt. 260°8. PL II. 1. Variety ; on rev, prow in place of monogram. (Waddington.) Wt. 262. 4 Rev,—Z AMI. Forepart of bull, r., all in incuse square, ee -Rev.—As last, ornament on bull's shoulder. | ) Wt. 208. (B.M.Æ. - Rev.—Aa last, head of lioness in field. (B.M.) 2. Wi. 2035. (BM) A. Wt. 643 Pl IL2 This coin is twice-struck; above are traces of letters BATI retrograde. 18. Obr,—Lion's Seal. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of bull, r.; behind, olive-spray; below, F ; all in inense square. Wt. 197, q (Imhoof ; of. No. 1 above.) = (Siz.) * Wh 858. But these coins of Attic standard are at Samos so rare that their-issue can have lasted but a short time. They are succeeded by a series of flatter and more carefully executed coins, with shallow incuse square, and symbols infield, all of which coins are marked with the olive-branch, a probably the symbol of Athenian alliance or supremacy. 9. Obv.—Lion’s sealp. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of bull, r.; behind, olive spray; all in Incase square. (B.M.) a. Wt, 202-2. PLIL 3. This specimen is re-strack on a coin of Athens, part of which has been cut away to reduce the weight; on the reverse there are visible remains of the letters A © and incuse 7 &. Varieties :—Other letters appear in the place of F, E (Pl. IT. Varieties of rer. :— -(Imhoof. Tabou) Pi. IL 4. 12, Obv.—Lion's scalp. Rev. —EPIBATIOZ. Forepart of bull, r.; behind, olive(Paris) Æ. Wet. 195. PL ILG. spray. (Waddington.) Wt. 64, square, _ -- (B.M.) 8. Ob — v, Lion’s scalp. below A and olive-spray. _ below olive-spray. my "245 | SAMOS AND. SAMIAN3OOINS, | 1, N (Mion. Sup., vi. 407), Z (Mionnet, Jbid. No. 135). This E, however, may be M placed sideways. The reverse of the coins with letters F to © is in an incuse square, and of the coins with letters K to = in an incuse circle, and of later fabric. (See Pi. IL 5, 6.) 14. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev. Head afd neck of bull r., in circular incuse. (B.M.) (B.M.) Æ Wi. 67 Wi 75. PLILT. Several of these pieces require a brief discussion. No. 9 has already been published by Mr. Borrell,” who supposed it to combine the two legends EA and AOEN, and to bear testimony to a monetary convention between Samos 7 Num, Chron., vii. p. 74.

wet RE DE and ‘Athens, © M. Lenermant has gone farther,” misled by the careful Borrel, and interpreting the legends ‚as “AQENaiwy” EAyov, has wished to see in the coin ‘a piece of money issued by the Athenian fleet when in revolt at Samos against the authority of Athens, at the “time when it recalled Alcibiades and placed him at its head in 8.c. 412. But these theories turn out to be based ‚on the incorrect supposition that the inscription AOEN {rather AQ), belongs to the later striking; whereas it really belongs to the earlier. The coin is in fact an ordinary Athenian tetradrachm from which a piece has been cut to reduce it to Samian weight, and which has then been re-struck with Samian types, the inscription and traces of the incuse square of the previous striking still remaining. As to the period when this re-striking took place we are entirely ignorant ; throughout Period III. the relations between Athens and Samos _were close, and even in the absence of close relations it could not be surprising that one of the widely circulated « coins of Athens should be used at the mint of any city of the Levant as a blank. No. 12, in the French collection, is a quite exceptional piece. That it does not belong to the period after B.c. 394 . is proved by the fact that its weight is regulated by the Samian and not the Rhodian standard. The inscription EPIBATIOZ would seem to be made up of éré and a On contemporary coins of Abdera such forme are common, for instance, EPINEETIOE, EPIMOAPAAOS, EMIOIT‘TAAO.” Batis then would be the eponymous Samian ® La Monn. dans UAntig., ii. 60. I believe that M. Lenormant has given up this theory; which, however, I am obliged to mention, as otherwise his authority might give it currency. ” Cat. Gr, Coins, Thrace, pp. 67, 68. Ta 247 ze 8AMO8. AND-SAMIAN COINS. - „NUM ISMATIC CHRONICLE. : Magistrate’s name (Bars) in the genitive. Oe d a but bis magistrate of the year when the coin was issue name iptions. is not. mentioned by historians or in inscr series, each The set of coins under No. 13 form a regular letters of er earli the of specimen having in the field one the Greek alphabet, from B to =, or perbaps to 2, this . I seems letter being hard to distinguish from M. years, trom ssive probable that they are the issues of succe of the Tonian one to fourteen, = being the fourteenth letter alphabet. hey seem from their style to be the last coms occupy the issued before B.c. 394, in which case they will 407 was period 8.c. 407—394. It should be observed that nian Athe the a glorious year in the Samian annals, as in it feet under command of Alcibiades sailed to Athens, there Samians may to establish a democratic government. The dated their coins have reckoned that year as year 1, and 394; but this can by it until the victory of Conon in and the numisscarcely be considered in itself probable, s of conjectures, matic argument, being based on a serie | nough to rely on. i ods Peri of rs state " Mithesto't have spoken only of the from them in IL, III. The smaller coins differ entirely type, and form an interesting series. We will take them alim. Drachms. see 15. Obv.—Forepart of winged boar, 1. in incuse square. scalp, BML) & Wi. 66. PL IL 9. s „Hen Varieties EM) We "pL IL 10. Wie. 55—46°5 gr. —Lion’s Hemi-drachms. 16. Obr.—Forepart of winged boar, r. Rev,—Lion’s head, r., in mean. ETS Varieties :—obr, type, L Wis. 21-8—19 grs,

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. “17. Obv.—Earepart of winged boar, r. Ta Es — head, ol ‘ in allii r.; above,e, olive-spray; ad, r.: + .. Rev.—Lion's + “> square. (B.M.) & We. 18-5. Pl. Tin . {B.M.) Wt, 19-2, ° (BM) & Wet. 180. PL IL 18. Wes. 19°5—18°4 Lion's head, r., in incuse square. 18. Obv.—Forepart of winged boar, r. Bev.—Z A. Varieties of rev.—Inscription EA. AZ. 19. Obv.—Forepart of winged boar, r, Rev Wis. 19:6—16:5. Lion’s head, r., in circular ineuse, (BM) &. Wt. 196, Pl II, 14. Varieties of rev.—Inscription ZA. 20. Obv.—Forepart of winged boar, r. Wt. 18°5, Rev.—ZA. Lion’s head, r.: below, olive. ; i incuse square. (B.M.) BR Wt. 195. PL ri | (B.M.) That these pieces were minted at Samos is proved by the inscription ZA and the olive-spray which occur on many of the smaller denomination. The olive-spray probably as a rule belongs to coins issued after B.c. 439 and the coins issued before that date are without it. But some coins without the olive-spray seem from their fabric to belong to the later time, so that we cannot draw a fixed line between the two periods. It is, on the other hand The type of the half winged boar® has not before occurred in the Samian coinage. usual in the coinage of Clazomenæ, whence many numismatists have supposed all this set of coins to be a memorial wings, has unfortunately wi ® Not marine boar, as it is sometimes absurdly termed. The die-cutter wishing to represent both made one of them look like a tail. SAMOS AND SAMIAK COINS. … 249 of a monetary alliance between Bamos and Clazomenz. But the existence of monetary alliances in early Greek history the Samians, for reasons unknown to us, chose to days can only be admitted on strong evidence, and such is not-in the present case forthcoming. Ou the contrary, the evidence scems to show that at this period of their adopt a variety of types for their smaller coins, for cvery several denomination varied types, as we shall see, and adh@ed to this plan until at least n.c. 394. In our first and again in our fourth period, on the other hand, the small silver is of the same types as the large, or nearly so. The meaning of that oriental To the subject of the weights of these various coins we shall presently return. apparition, a winged boar, is almost as obscure as the cause of its sudden importation at this particular period from Clazomenæ. Ælian # has a story of a winged boar which devastated the territory of the Clazomenians. This monster was celebrated, and gave a name to a part of the adds :—“ It would territory of Clazomene. Leake seem that to a mischievous wild sow of uncommon swiftness of foot poetry had added wings. Possibly the oracle was consulted and declared the sow to be an emissary of Apollo or some other deity, who was to be appeased by sacrifices. To adopt the monster as a monetary type was a natural consequence.” All this is possible, but just now such explanations are out of fashion, nor does this interpretation account for the curious fact that only half of the monster appears on coins. It is more reasonable to consider the type as of solar origin and meaning. Apollo, as sun-god, was the chief deity of Clazomenæ, and a winged boar might well be his emblem, as the boar is in Lycia a & Num, Hell, Asiatic Greece, p. 43. 81 Hist, Anim., 12, 38, VOL, Il. THIRD SERIES.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. zor symbol, and especiall y the half of a winged boar 7 ich is in form nearly cir cular, The story of Elian m. ave arisen from the preval ence of the type more eas ily J _ than the type would arise y from the story. : Tetrobols. 21. Obw.—Forepart of ball, 1. We cannot therefore be at all sure th : ‘th e PTT PE to Samos. Indeed, Mytilene, in the tand Of Lesbos, has quitas e good a claim f state of knowledge as Sa mos Taleke rek abl y to Lesbos, the coins with forepa rt of a bull on on éd na on the other two foreparts of bulls butting one at the € “other. See above, Period I. | Diobots. 22, Obr.—Hend of lioness, r. | Ber — Head of ram, r., in incuse square. va (BM) &. wi. 172. ariety :—type of obv., 1. . 23. Obv. Head of lioness, Dn + » 031 26. Obv.—Forepart of galley, r.. j __. Rer.—ZA. Amphora, beside it olive-apray.. (B.M) 2. Will. Varieties :— Wis, 11—9°4, Pl. IL 20. | Copper. 27. Obv.—Forepart of galley, r. Rev—ZA. Amphora, all in olive-wreath, (B.M.) Æ. ‘Binch Pl. I. 21. A These diobols and obols are certainly Samian. Not only have we in many cases the inscription ZA, and the olive-spray on pieces subsequent to the Athenian conquest, but the types also belong to Samos. We have already met the head of a lioness, a type which we can scarcely avoid connecting with Hera, as symbol on tetradrachms (No. 11, above); and the forepart of a galley both as symbol and type on tetradrachms. The ram’s head is new. This may be taken from the coinage or the mythology of the Cephallenian Same, where it is prominent. M) 2. Wt195. PI IL. 17 the mere identity of name might be quite sufficient to induce the Samians to borrow a well-known type from Cephallenia. 1, 2°5, u 24. Obv.—Head of liones s, 1. Head of ram, r.; bel incuse square, (BM) Æ. ow, olive-spray; all in We. 182, ° (Mun ich) | _ We do not indeed know that there was any real ethnological or religious connection between the Cephallenian city and Samos, but even in the absence of closer bonds Be — Hea v d of ram, r, (B —ZA. Rev. v Pl IL 16. Wis, 20—18-7 Varieties :— Wis, 18-5—1 = SAMOS AND SAMIAN CONS. | Fev.—Forepart of bull, L, in ineuse square, ves (BM) 2. Wt. 326, Pl IL 11 anety :—types, r., (B.M.) Wt. 85-6, | Here we have no inscri ption, and the olive-branch ; absent. -. - Ph 18. Obols, 25. Obv.—Forepart of galley, r. Bev.—ZA. Amphora. (B. M. Varieties Wis, 928.2, “werg ) t. 92. Pl IT, 19. STANDARDS oF WEIGHT AT SAMOS, As it is necessary to say something about the weights of the series of small coins just discussed, this seems the most suitable place for a brief exposition of Samian monetary standards for silver. As to the electrum we have already spoken. Two or three times during early Samian history does the

‚ SAMOS AND SAMIAN CDINS. = NUMISMATIC\CHRONICER, u ~Attic-standard appear to have been for a-short time adopted _… for silver coin. Firstof all, if Mr. Head’stheory be accepted at a very early period, for the earliest silver coins of | Samos which have incuse réverses. Secondly, about ».c 494, for the coins found in Sicily with a half galley as weights which ought to be attained by the various deno- j minatione of coin on the Samian system. But a glance at. the list of coins will show how far they deviate from these ‘normal weights :— type, Per. IT. 1, 2. The tetradrachm of this class weighs nearly 270 grains. Thirdly, at about the time of the Periclean conquest, 8.c. 439, for a series of tetradrachms and smaller coins, above, Nos. 7, 8. . All other coins of Samos issued during the sixth and fifth centuries are strack on a system known as the | Samian. On this standard the tetradrachm weighs up to 204 grains (13:20 grammes); reckoning from which the drachm should weigh 51 grains (3-30 grammes), the tetrobol 34 grains, the triobol or hemi-drachm 25} grains, the . diobol 17 grains, and the obol 83 grains. The origin of the system is not clear, but it seems almost certain that it must be a variety of the Phoenician or Græco-Asiatie weight system. It is stated by Brandis ® that this standard is peculiar to Samos, and to the cifies of the Cyrenaica which adopted it from Samos in the course of the fifth century. This, however, seems to be an exaggeration. It is true that electrum and early silverstaters of Phoenician 253 « Drachm: normal, 51 gr.; actual, 55° —46°5 grs. 856-826 „ ” 4 „ Tetrobol 218—16°5 „ FR 254 » Triobol 25 „ 17-21 ” 17 » Diobol 11 — 82 „ » 84 ” Obol This, however, is no isolated occurrence, nor need it make us doubt as to theassignment of denominations. In striking small change the Greeks were by no means careful to adjust it to an exact weight; those who took and gave it in the markets looked far less to weight than to type, it being of eourse well known to all which pieces were meant to pass as drachms, which as obols, and forth. so The large silver, minted for external trade, had to be adjusted to scale with aceuracy; but the small silver which passed only locally was not under the same necessity. Even at Athens, where the mintage of tbe coins was unusually careful, we find considerable differences in the weights of small pieces of the same age and the same denomination. weight usually weigh rather 230 or 220 than 200 grains. But at some Ionian cities we find a lighter standard. At Ephesus," before B.c. 415, the heaviest of the drachms weigh but 54 grains, and a tetradrachm 205. It would | thus appear that the standard of Samos is not so exceptional as is usually supposed. The weights above given are the normal or standard ®a Gewichtswesen, p. 124, . Head, Cotnave of Ephesus. Perion 1V.—s.c. 394365. It would seem that at first the news of Conon’s victory was received with rejoicing in Samos, and the democracy, re-established by his arms, hastened to set up a statue of the victor in the Temple of Hera. Next followed an alliance of anti-Laconian tendency with the cities of Rhodes, Cnidus, and Ephesus, an alliance the testimony to the existence of which is almost entirely numiswatic,

5 ee 2540 0° 7° NUMIBMATIC CHRONICLE. : and has been clearly set forth by M. Waddington.® It | is génerally known that the cities which joined this ‘alliance issued didrachms which seem to follow the Persian monetary standard, bearing on one side the type of young Heracles strangling the serpents and the inscription ZYNuaxwér, and on the other side their own legend and type. The piece of this class issued from the Samian mint was the following :— 1. Obv.—ZYN. Young Heracles, r., strangling two serpents, round his chest, crepundia, Rer— EA. Lion’s scalp. (B.M.) AR. Wt. 178-9. PL III 1. {Lord Ashburnham.) &, Wt. 177-1. (Waddington.) A, Wt. 172:8. A similar coin at Paris, weighing 263 grains, is, in the opinion of M. Waddington, of doubtful authenticity. It is re-struck on a tetradrachm of Athens, whether iin ancient or modern times. But Samos, as well as the other members of this league, Rhodes and Cnidus, was very unstable in the anti-Laconian sentiment, and within a few years again appears to be following the fortunes of Sparta, and giving shelter to her ships. And from this time dates the beginning of great calamities for the Samians. Handed over to Persian rule by the disgraceful peace of Antalcidas in 8.c. 387, the island was considered fair game by the roving Athenian admirals Chabrias and Iphicrates, who landed and carried . away much spoil. Timotheus, being dispatched at the “instance of Isocrates with 8,000 men to detach Samos from - Persia, made still more grievous ravages, and finally cap_ tured the capital itself. This completed the ruin of the | SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. Samians. The Athenian general occupied the whole - island and treated it with all the severity which the ancients displayed towards conquered foes. The unfortunate inhabitants were made prisoners of war, collected, and in the end entirely expelled from their island, and their lands were divided among Athenian eleruchi. The silver coins of this period are easily distinguished from those of an earliertime. The incuse of their reverse is shal wer and their fabric later in style. They are minted ona different monetary standard, and they bear in the field the name of a magistrate in the nominative case. The copper pieces, however, are without magistrates’ names. 2. Obx.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of bull, r., fillet round shoulder; behind, sper, above, PPO. M.) & Wt287:5. Pl. II 2. Other names of magistrates, &c.— HIHZIANAZ, HTHZIANAE®), HOHEI (B.M) AHZIANAZ®, (Allier de Hauteroche, &c.). p. 25. This coin seems to me, in the specimens I have seen, false; but perhaps an ancient forgery. AEQ=@, PYOATOPHE and bee. AOXITHE and bee PPOTHE AM®I, HDIOZ, GPAZT OP FYOATOPHE Weights 287-5 to 224. (Imhoof.) Munich. (Fox.) (Bunbury) (Waadingion. ) (Paris.) 8. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev.—As last. Above, EPIKPATHE AXEANIO (B.M.) AR Wt. 2834. Other names of magistrates :— "Rev. Numism., 1868, p. 228. Cf. Head, Coinage of Ephesus, ..255 - MHTPIOE AHENTIA (Imhoof)) We. 284:5 PL IIL 3.

+ > sen 7 KUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. chms are rightly assigned to the present period may be edsily shown. The incuse square j ‘appears on some. of them, not on others; and M. Waddin g\ _ten ®5 has well shown that at the beginning of the fourth That of Mausolus, at an earlierperiod, is written MavraaÂko. Tli£uSdpo. | Rev.—XA. was found in.a hoard together with a tetradrachm of Cos, —type bearded head of Heracles, legend KQION PEPZI,—and a coin of Miletus with the inscription EKA, which is reasonably supposed to have been struck by the Carian King Hecatomnus, or at all events to belong to his time, early in the fourth century. The pieces ‘with patronymics as well as names of magistrates seem to be the latest of the class. _ The only names which we can trace elsewhere are those of IvÔayópns and “Hynoiveg, which appear on contemporary coins of Ephesus, of the period B.c. 887 to 301. But it is scarcely to be supposed that the same men can have held office both in Ephesus and Samos. We must therefore regard the coincidence as probably fortuitous. It ne Forepart of bull, r.; (Pais) oh 5. Obr.—dion’s scalp. “dest jn . (BM) A. Wt 59. PL IL 4. Other names of magistrates: AMI |. 6. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. ; (Paris.) Wt. 594. f bull, r.; above AOX. Ba TER. FOrepart D nr) ‘A. Wi. 26. PL IL. 5. Other names of magistrates :— APIZTHIAAS. Tt. 282. (BM) Wi (Leake.) AEPTI[NHZ. (Imhoof.) HCHZIA, HPHZI@. ddington.) (Wa . YE PO AOXITHE, APTI 7. Obv.—Lion’s sealp. ithin olive-wreath. Rev. —EA. Forepart of galley Fox.) A, Wt. 326. may perhaps excite surprise that patronymics like Anpıprpuos 8. Oby.—Lion’s scalp. "Avria and ’Erirpärns ’AxeAcio should appear on coins at so early a period. They are not usual until the next cen“ tury. Yet the very termination of the form “Ay«Ado shows its early date, since O for OY disappears in Asia Rev. — ZA. Fr Minor in the middle of the fourth century before our always | 4. Obv, —Lion's scalp. because in use at Rhodes from the foundation of the city in ».c. 408, and soon after that time usual in cities on the north and east shores of the gean. M. Waddington ® states that his Samian tetradrachm, inscribed HPIOS, [ a, whose name era, in the time of Pixödarus, King of Cari ‘sometimes . and e is written on coins sometimes Tifwbdpo century the incuse square was disappearing from Asiatic : eöins. They follow a fresh standard—tetradrachm, 240 grains; drachm, 60 grains—a standard called Rhodian ot SAMOR AND SAMIAN - COINS. … . u | PR That these tetradra 7 nun. cote a + of galley, r. 2—145. Wh 162. Pi. Im. 6. In field of rev. À. Varieties : Wis. 16° (Allier de Hauteroche, pl. xvi. 14.) 9. Obv.—Head of Hera, 1. Rev.—XA. (De buynes) AR, Wt. 12-6. Pl. TIL. 7. ’ 7 8 Mél, de Numisın., p. 15. vor. Il. THIRD SERIES.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. ' #0. -Qbr.— Head of Hera, r., wears stephane, - © Re—EA. Lion'sscalp.-(B.M.) A. «6. PL IIL, 8. Head of Hera, 1, wears stephane. pn SAMOS AND SAMIAN“COINS. © 259 “Samians to their country by Perdiccas, after an exile of It is also distinctly forty-three years—«arjyaya oirois els m arpa, repeyéras érg rpuì mew ray rerrapaxora. perareppberstated in a fragment of Craterus——’Arrixot -yap is res els Iapov kèkét karousjoavres Tous eyxuplous éÉéwoar. It j "IT. Obe. (B.M.) 2. ‘55. Pl. UI 9. | 12. Obv.—Head of Hera, 1., wears stephane. Rer—Lion'gscalp. implied in the language of Demades,” when he called Samos the sewer of Athens—érapuf ris sróhews. But it is cities should be restored to their homes, the Athenians at ‘Athens. Philip of Macedon did not disturb the Athenian possessors. But when Alexander,” then at the height of his power, ordered Nicanor to proclaim at the Olympic festival of 8.c. 324 a decree that all the exiles from Greek recognition of their rights from the powerful enemies of ing in Asia, and trying, for a time in vain, to obtain island. In fact, from ».c. 365 to 322 Samos was an Athenian suburb and the outlet for the superfluous population of the city. Meantime the Samians were wanderand a system of recording the treasures tanes and Proédri, of the Herzum as rigorous as that in use at the Parthenon at home. From this same inscription we learn that all the Athenian tribes took part in the settlement of the . zation of the island, with Archons and Treasurers, Prystill more conelusively implied in along inscription from Samos, weich reveals to us a complete Athenian organi- Fer YA. Lions scalp. (B.M.) Æ. 45. PL HIL 10, The last three are specimens of a large class of coins, of which some are inscribed, some uninscribed, and which have in the fourth century. many varieties of head. All are of a good style of art. In almost all parts of Greece copper coinage begins early Perion V.—s.c. 365— 392. _ Until lately it remained doubtful what was the extent "ef the expulsion of the inhabitants of Samos and the repeopling from Athens by the agency of Timotheus. _Thus Grote ® speaks of the repeopling as doubtless only partial; and most writers suppose that it was rather a faction which was expelled than the population of Samos. But it may now be considered certain that this was not the case. The first batch of eleruchi, sent about 8.c. 365, who seem to have amounted in number to two thousand, may have expelled a faction only, or may have occupied only the city, not the territory of Samos. But subsequent detachments were sent in ».c, 361 and 352, and once interpreted the intention of the King as referring to Samos, and received the decree with anger. The death vf Alexander prevented him from taking steps to carry out his plan, and the outbreak of the Lamian War occupied his generals for a time too fully to leave them time to earry out their master’s designs. But in 8.c. 322 Perdiccas implied in the statements of ancient writers — instance, for This is in the account by Diodorus ® of the restoration of the © Sauppe, Or. Att., it, 815. Grote, ch. xev. # Diodorus, xvill. 8. in the end the Samians were entirely driven out. ® Ch. Ixxix. (foot-note). See C. Curtius, Inschriften und Stud. zur Gesch. von Samos, pp. 6—-17. # xviii, 18, 9.

Ô en 2 their country, and cast out their Athenian ; supplante | - 7 Did Athenian ‘colonies, when sent to occupy conquered lands, issue coins? This question has been more than once raised. ‘Dr. U. Köhler has discussed it à Propos of Lemnos, Imbros, and Salamis. His verdi ct is that the copper coins of those islands which have come down to us were issued, not by the Athenian colonists, but by tributepaying Athenian subjects, native inhabita nts who after Athenian conquest, preserved the right of coinage as remains of their earlier autonomy. Mr. Head , in arrang. ing the coins of Euba, finds that the coin age of each cit ij comes to an abrupt termination on the Athe nian con ues and planting of that city. The same appears to be the case at Ægins. The early coinage of the island in silver and copper with incuse reverse abruptly cease s at the time of the Athenian conquest in B.c. 431. The copp er coins of Ægina which reappear at a much later time may have been issued by the old inhabitants restored to their homes by Lysander, or at some later period of defec tion fi Athens, _ It would, then, seem that when a country was planted by the Athenians, the new colony did not issue coins but contented itself with using those of Athens. The mines of Laurium gave the Athenians 4 plentiful supply of silver, and it seems to have been part of their poli cy to spread their eoins in all parts of the Levant, The y are still found E on all eastern shores of the Medi terranean in numbers. : Certainly an examination of the coin give fresh support to this theory. s of Samos tends to We have no money ® Mittheil. d. Deut. 4. I. in Athe : a * 7 me =. a SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. — _ took the matter ‘in’hand, restored the Samian exiles t either partially or wholly. x 7 260. D. “NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, n., iv. 263. 281° which we can reasonably give to this island af the period of Athenian settlement. Between the coins which we give to Period IV. and those which we assign to Period VI. there is a distinct break in style. This is, at first sight, evident in regard to the silver, and a close examination will show that it also holds of the eopper. We have already adduced reasons to show that the coins assigned to Period IV. are not, in any case, later than the middle of the fourth century; those to be described under Period VI. certainly cannot be earlier than the last quarter of that century. Perion VL—.c. 322—205. Of the restoration of the Samian exiles in B.c. 322 we possess an interesting record in a series of decrees” passed immediately on their return in honour of various wealthy and benevolent persons who had been kind to them during their banishment from Samos. These inscriptions show, in the first place, that the decree of Perdiceas did not remain a mere intention, but was carried out practically. This was not the case with a subsequent decree which affected Samos. In 8.c. 319 King Philip II, or rather Polysperchon, the regent, in his name, issued an order restoring to the Athenians™ all their possessions, among them the island of Samos; “since our father Philip left it in their hands,” as the young king puts it. But in those days might was right. The Samians had already occupied city and land, and neither Polysperchon nor the Athenians were prepared at the moment to expel them. In the second place, the inscriptions show how # Collected in the work of C. Curtius, already quoted. # Diod., xviii, 56, 7. Cf. Droysen, ii. 218.

SAMOS AND santa COINS. - 263 territories consisted. of four " parts—Batinetus, Carium, cording to the explanation of M. Waddington 86 “these NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 7 wide and complete had been the dispersion of the unfor- “CI @., 2264, % Lebas and Waddington, vol. iii, p. 74. List, Inser., p. 261. Cf. Hicks, Greek Prienian lands. Inscriptions recording all these transactions were found in the temple of Athene at Priene, and are now in the British Museum. The coins of our period at Samos are numerous. The occupied in tracing a boundary between Samian and of Romans, assisted by experts from both sides, who are After this we find traces in inscriptions of a commission upheld the Rhodian decision, on the sole ground that it was the verdict of judges agreed to by both disputants. Prienians, however, appealed to Rome, and the Senate districts, This claim seems first to have been referred to Antiochus II. of Syria, and afterwards to the Rhodians. The Rhodians decided unhesitatingly in favour of Priene, and this decision seems to have been upheld in a further appeal to Ptolemy, King of Egypt. This must be either Ptolemy Euergetes or Philopator, kings who reigned from 8.c. 247 to 205. If Philopator was the umpire the appeal was probably made before he became possessed of the island of Samos. But the Samians could not let the matter rest there. When Manlius came over to regulate the affairs of Asia in B.c. 188 they found means to induce him to revise in their favour the Rhodian verdict. The Soon, ®owever, we find the Samians claiming the other chus, who gave an award, which was engraved on the wall of a Samian temple.” It is still preserved, but unfortunately is much mutilated, and ite tenor is not clear. Dryussa, and a fort, &poöpeov. In our present peried the respective elaims to Batinetus were submitted to Lysimatunate Samians. The persons to whom they accord citizenship, in return for favours shown them during their exile, ‘are Gorgus and Minneo of Iasus, Demarchus of Lycia, Diocles of Gela in Sicily, Coces and Leontiscus of Ephesos, and Metrodorus of Sidon. It thus seems that they were dispersed over all coasts, and had to find a home wherever charity or kinship would offer one. That the decrees belong to the period now under discussion is evident, partly from their subject-matter, and partly from their epigraphy, and finally, from a phrase in that in honour of Gorgus and Minneo. Gorgus was an officer of Alexander the Great, who is declared to have urged his master on all occasions to restore the Samians, and who, when the great decree of Alexander appeared, presented him with a crown on their behalf. The period 2.c. 322—205 was for the Samians one of autonomy with occasional dependence upon one or other of the principal Hellenistic kings. Thus we learn from Polybius ® that Samos was a station of the fleet of Ptolemy Philopator and of his minister, Sosibius, and the island remained in Egyptian hands until the death of the King in B.C, 205, or 204, according to the manner of reckoning. Bat to the people of the island perhaps the most im_portant series of events which took place at this period was the great litigationwith the people of Priene for the . possession of certain territories on the mainland. These lands had always been a matter of contention between the two states, and had been the cause, in the middle of the fifth century, of the war with Miletus, and that with Athens, which ended in the expedition of Pericles. Ac- ® vy, 85, 11.

Lien ee à 264 - “SAMOS AND'SAMTAN COINS. KuMIeMATIC CHRONICLE. silver pieces are didrachms of the Rhodian standard, : which had by this "time fallen considerably, so that they - ‘scarcely exceed in weight 100 grains. In style and - 2. Obe.—Lion’s sealp. -- Rev. —ZA. coins, with two exceptions, Battus and Hermodicus. This Battus may probably be the same man who, shortly after the return of the Samians from exile, proposed a decree conferring the citizenship on Metrodorus of Sidon.” Another name which occurs on the copper coin is that of Theomnestus, and this magistrate may be the same -Theomnestus who is mentioned as Prytanis of Samos in the inscription 0 which gives the Rhodian award. (Whittall) Wt. 25. PL IIL 12, 8. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of bull, r.; above, HPOAOTOE, behind trident: all in shallow incuse. (Paris.) Æ. Wt. 244. PL HL 18. Magistrate's nagae;BATTOZ. (Waddington.) Wt. 2174. 4. Obv.— Head of Hera, r. Rev.—Lion’s scalp, below, PAPIZ. (BM) À. 75. PL IIL 14. 5. Obv.—Head of Hera, 1. Rev.—Lion’s scalp, below MEAYZIOZ. (B.M.) Æ. ‘6. Pl, HI 15. 6. Obv.— Head of Hera facing. (BM) A. +4, PL ID. 16. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of bull, r.; in front, olive-spray; above AEONTIZKOZ. Æ. Wt. 104, PL III. 11. Other names of magistrates :— EPITENHZ, EPMOAIKOZ. (B.M.) BATTOZ. MHTPOOON. (Hunter.) BATTOE with Q, MEIZIZTPATOZ. (Paris.) AAEZHE, MEAAN (Waddington) AJZKAHTIAAH * (Whittall.) NANIEKOE. (Mion. Sup., vi. 408.) TAYPEAZ. Wis. 10697. Æ Rev.—Lion's scalp, below ZIMOX. 1. Obv.—Lion's sealp. (B.M) - Forepart. of bull, r5; above, AZKAHPIA magistrates occur on them; but it is a curious fact that we do not find the same name on silver and on copper - 25 in shallowincuse. fabrie as well as weight, and in the character of their epigrapby, they closely resemble the contemporary Ephe. “sian coins ® of the period ».c. 258—202. Many names of ° ~~ | (Mion. iii. 281.) _ Magistrate's name :— AIFYP TOE. (Waddington.) A. Wt. 497. 9 Head, Coinage of Ephesus, p. 51. 1% Lcbas and Waddington, No. 189. read as Theodorus in ©, I. G., 2905, E. ® ©. I. G., 2256. The name wrongly Other names of magistrates on coins of the same class as the last three :— MIKION, BATTOZ, O]EOKAH. (B.M.) PIATHE, OEOMNHZT, APIZTOMA. (Imhoof.) APE. ZTPATN. (Thomas, p. 277.) EKATAIOE. (Mion., fii. p. 282.) EYBOYAOE, . ENNAIOZ, XAPHM (Wadäington.) 7. Obr.—Head of Hera, r. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of galley, 1. ; below, PIAOZEN (Imboof.) Æ. ‘5. * Other names of magistrates :— ? TIIMOKAHE. (Imhoof.) 8. Obv. Head of Hera, r. or 1. Rer.— XA. Forepart of galley,r.; below, QEOANP[OZ. (Imhoof.) Æ. +5. PL IM. 17. VOL, II. THIRD SERIES.

‘ir,HE en ee B = | | rumineati CHRONICLE. | BIAAAE, MHTPOAQPI, ZNTAZ, _AAYPHTOEN IEPON. . (Watdington ) (B.M.) EPMO (Berlin.) 9. Obv.—Head of Hera, facing. Rev.—ZA. Forepart of galley, 1.; below, PAFPON. (Imhoof) Æ. 55. PL II, 18. Other names of magistrates :— APIETOM[, OEOMNH[, OEOANPO IL (Imhoof.) > BATTOZ, PIANTAE? (Mion., iii. p. 282.) SIMO, TIMOKPI KAYZIOZ. 10. Obe Leake, p. 88. . ERAT Waddi sag je) Lion’s scalp. (Imboof.) Æ. ‘6, - . aa ee After the battle of Magnesia in 8.0: 190, whichis one of the great landmarks of the ‘history of Asia Minor, the whole of Ionia was made over by the Romans to their ally Eumenes, King of Pergamon. We should conjecture that the following years were peaceful and prosperous for the Samians. Samos, however, was so unfortunate as to become one of the possessions of Aristonicus. When Attalus bequeathed his possessions to the Romans in 3.c. 183Mhis young man, who was of the regal stock of Pergamon, broke into open revolt, and, supported by an army of mercenaries, captured several cities, and for some time defied the power of Rome. - Samos did not join him voluntarily, but ef force. On the defeat and execution of Aristonicus in 3.c. 129, the island was added . by the Romans to the province of Asia, and lost its Round buckler. Re. —IYAPIZ. ze . SAMOS ax> ALAN corte. 6 cose 267 a freedom. Pl. III. 19. ; | The Samian silver coins which can be assigned to this First we have pieces of period fall into two classes. 7 Perion VIL rc. 205—129. On the death vof Ptolemy Philopator in pc. 205, Philip V. of Macedon and Antiochus of Syria formed a …_ plan-for dividing his possessions, in pursuance of which Philip-seized on Samos. After the victory of Flamininus and the Romans over Macedon, this island, like the other Greek States which had been heldin unwilling subjection = by the Macedonian king, became free. But either this freedom was very incomplete, or else freedom was not to the taste of the Samians, for when the Rhodian Pausifairly good execution, of which the specimen in the British Museum weighs 69-7 grains (4°51 grammes). 1. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rer-—ZAMIQN. Forepart of ball, r.; in front, olivespray; below, trident and forepart of galley. (B.M.) A. Wi. 69-7. Pl IV. 2. With this goes the following :— 2. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. v. Forepart of bull, r.; in front, oliveZX AMIQN. Re spray; behind, trident. (Imhoof.) Æ. Wt. 14. machus was defeated by Antiochus III. of Syria, Samos quitted the Roman alliance and joined the Syrian King. 191 coins of Ephesus’? and Aradus of 8.c. 202—133, in 0 Appian, Syr., 25 1% Head, Coinage of Ephesus, p. 57. No. 1 is either an Attic drachm, like the contemporary

= D + “NÜMISMATIC CHRONICLE. ‘which case it would be minted rather abov e the standard weight; or else a drachm' of the debased Persi an standard of the weight which was ‘still in use at Miletus, Probably. cont emporary, or nearly so, was the issue at Samos of coins bearing the types of Alexander the Great, and of Attic tetradrachme (of Müller's Class VI.) with the mint-mark of Samos, the well-known prow, in the field. 8. Obv.—Head of young Heracles, r., in lion’s skin, Fiev.—AANEZANAPOY. Zeus Aétophorus seated, 1.; in field, 1., prow of ship, L, and the letter B. (B.M.) 2. Wt. 2598. Pl. IV. 1. + Wi. 464. {B.M.) PI IV. 3. Forepart of buil, r.; below, ear of Whether the Pergamene kings ever used Samo s as one of the mints of their regal money is doubtful. I have not found any of these coins with Samian symb ols in the field. Later on in the period we have coins of a diffe rent standard and very inferior style, the head of the lion also debased. 4. Obv.—Lion’s scalp. Rev—ZAMINN. &. corn, crater, and peacoek. (B.M.) Other symbols on reverse :— (B.M.) » 9» bunch of grapes, » pedum. (BM) « „ trident. (Leake.) crater, star, and A. (Paris.) Ear of corn and crater, ss » » » ” trident and prow . (Paris.) Weights 46°5 to 43, 5. Obv.—Head of Hera, r., wearing step hane. Fore part of galley, 1.; to r., WW: (Whittall.) zu. Wt. 26. above, trident. Fet—ZAMINON. | ker ee BE 269 art of galley L: en it, peacock ; SAMOS AND SAMIAN OVINE. | . LF Bent (BIL) R Wi 22-7. PL IV.5. Oe EAM . Obv.—Head of Hera, r., wearing stephane. ‘ Rev.—ZAMINN. Forepart of galley, r Ga) B. The standard of these pieces is clearly the same as was in use for the @istophoric coins, at this period extensively circulating in Asia. Mr. Head conjectures (Coinage of Ephesus, p. 61) the Cistophori to have been first issued under Eumenes II. of Pergamon about 3.c.,160, and there gemene dominions, but not, so far as we know, at Samos. can be little doubt that he is approximately right. The issue of Cistophori took place in the chief cities of the Per- As an island Samos would be less closely dependent on the rulers of Pergamon, and retain at least some sbow of coins only being altered to suit that of the pieces current autonomy ; it need not, therefore, surprise us to find that in her case the autonomous types persist, the weight of the bably a trihemiobol, the fourth of a drachm. une. on the mainland. No. 4 is a Cistophoric drachm, Nos. 5 and 6 hemidrachms, No. 7 perhaps an obol, but more pro- The copper of our period is determined by its style ; the head of Hera which it bears nearly resembling that on the silver coins already described. Like the silver it bears no names of magistrates. 8. Obv.—Head of Hera, r., wearing stephane. - , al (BM) . f "45. gallev, r. Æ. PL IV. 8. __FeEAMION VO HE. 6 BLIV.T7. ; Head of Hera, facing. 9. Another. He EAMION. Foren, hmm.

FAT amen. : wor + - a . 7 .* NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. Dot «11, Obv.—Poropart of galley, _ … Æ, (BM) À. ‘85 PL IV. 10. 7 Ra—EAMION. “_Forepart of galley, r. eee BM) (B.M.) ‘4. Rev.—ZAMIQN. Forepart of galley, 1.: below, trident. . Variety of reverse: on galley, peacock. 18, Obv.—Lion’s scalp, Rev.—ZAMIQN. Forepart of bull, r.: below, mono: grams. _(imboof.) Æ, ‘8. Pl IV, 11. Perrop VIII.—s.c. 129—20. The _ During the whole of this time, with one brief interval, Samos was a part of the Roman province of Asia. interval occurred in the time of Mithradates the Great, En “. "SAMOS" ARD-SAMIAN COINS. | 274 period, and apparently no-copper. It is, „however, possible that some of the money described under the next qgusular coinage of Asia was of silver ; and it is not unhead may have been issued at this time, for the prolikely that the various cities may have been allowed, as so usually in Imperial times, to issue their own civic copper. Perion IX.—Imrersar TIMES. Augustus having occasion in B.c. 21 and 20 to spend the winter at Samos, restored freedom to the state, a freedom which lasted, at least in name, till the time of Vespasian, Ap. 70.% But it does not seem that the freedom was very real, as we possess coins with the This document is remarkably confused ; 18, 29, 30, 14 Eusebius, Chron., under OI. CXC. and CCXII. 105 Inser. Ined. No, 191. from this era the magistrates are of years 7, apparently without sequence or method. These years are usually reckoned from the battle of Actium, which is termed the victory of Cesar or of Augustus. Dating but the vewroia: of various years are jotted down in it the list does not follow the regular order of time, Roman times. Athens, Termessus, and other cities which enjoyed more at the side of the autonomous coins, which is not the case imperial effigy from the time of Augustus downwards, by King of Pontus. He gained possession of all Ionia, and _ of Samos also; and for accepting his liberation the people . of Samos probably paid dearly, like the other cities of Asia, which were sternly punished ‘by the victorious ‘Sulla. But apart from Roman punishment the Samians at this time suffered severely enough. The island was solid privileges. It is asserted by Ross that Samos received a Roman colony in the time of Vespasian. The authority for this statement is an inscription, which this writer publishes, containing a list of Samian veorrota of captured by pirates, at that time very strong on the Cilician coast, and the temple of Hera despoiled and f destroyed. Q. What had escaped the pirates became the “prey of Verres, who robbed the island mercilessly. Cicero, when Proconsul in g.c. 61—58, did what he could to revive the prosperity of the place, not only by dispensing even-handed justice, but by favouring commerce “ and aiding the city to pay its debts. _ There are certainly no silver coins of Samos of the ® Appian, Bell. Mithr. Ixii.

41, 42, 44, and 103. There is, however, intercalated in 8. Obv. Head-of Hera, r. smaller characters.a list of vewroia: of the fourth year of Rev ZAMIQN. - Peacock, r,, standing on caduceus, Ider; in field, I À: 7 IV. 14. seepire over SEM) Æ. 7 A Pl ‘the colony, L. A. THC KOANNIAC.- Supposing the year thus indicated to follow close on those already set down, the last of which (103) corresponds to A.p. 72, it would look as if there were a Roman colony established in Samos about the beginning of the reign of Vespasian, when, as already stated, the freedom of Samos was taken away. But there is not in history or in numismaties a particle of evidence to confirm this isolated inscription. 273 | SAMOS AND SAMIAN OOIXS, KUMISMATIC CHRONICEE. Pi &e. Varieties; in field, ar. RIE, 4, had 4. Obv.—HPH. BM) Hera Samia, r. (Imhoof.; Rev.—Peacock, r. Æ. ‘6. The coins of the cities which become Roman colonies are front, plant. 5. Obr—HPHC. Peacock, r.; in 0 ding 1, clad in chlamys, 3 Rev.—CAMIWN. Ancæus. stanA. 55. PL IV. 15. ) holds trident. (BM j inscribed in the Latin character, and are always of a Variety of obr.—HPHC. 6. Ancæus, 1, holds trident. Obv. -ANKAIOC (sic). k, r., seeptre over shoulder. IV. 16. Ree —CAMION. wine GS, PI Fr 1 different appearance from those of cities which remain Greek. We can scarcely consider that the inscription of Ross is strong enough evidence to overthrow that which stands on the other side. After A.p. 70 Samos became a ‚Roman province. We begin our list of the coins of Samos of Roman times with the carliest, which may, ‘as already stated, ‘belong to the eighth period :— Peacock, 1. (B.M.) Obr.—As last, inscription obscure. ws of galleys. : Re BN OE. 6. Wt. 485, PL IV, 17, 8. Obr.—Forepart of galley, Rer,—ZAMIQN. 1. r. n Enia, E Hor Sam am 1. Obv.—Forepart of bull, r. Rev.—ZAMINN. Forepart of galley, r. (BM) Æ. -55. PL IV. 12. . 2, Obv.—Head of Hera, r., wearing stephane, Fev.—ZAMIQN. Peacock, r.; behind, Æ. (BM) A. 65. PL IV. 18. The following seem from the style of their reverses, which are closely like those of the coins of Augustus and bis immediate successors, to belong to the early Imperial period :— Variety of obv.—Forepart of galley, r. The inscription on No.7 AG XIf (B.M.) is remarkabie ve acusan coin, whic a 0 may compare the Xll on a Syr has a Greek legend. We should naturally interpret it as rla. But there is no Pr‘ meaning twelve asses or assa light weight. The single cedent for an assarion of so far later period, weighs assarion of Chios, even af a And the Roman as “ more than the present coin. can the inscription NW “ this time is even heavier. Nor stand for one-twelfth of an VOL. 11 THIRD SERIES. as, the Roman une Je this

ss “J >" would give an as of the excéssive weight of 582 grains. “Perhaps the true reading of the inscription may be XPI or XH, but we must wait for other specimens before deciding. = 2. The following pieces must be given, in view of style “and-epigraphy, to a still later period, that of the family of Severus and their successors. It is by no means rare to find cities thus issuing autonomous coins in the Imperial period, and contemporancously with other pieces bearin g the heads of Emperors. 9. Obv.—Forepart of galley, r., in wreath, - En \ à ok ~ Nymph, r., holding vessel. (B.M.) Æ. +55. PL IV. 19, 27 where in Samos. “We are thus offered a considerable field of archeological“ research, into which, however, we can scarcely enter, for the limite of our space compel us to dismisgthe Imperial coins more rapidly than we could wish. Our first group is connected with the Hera of Samos and her worship. As to the figure of the goddess herself we have already spoken :1% the only important innovation which marks her form in Imperial times is that she sometimes grasps in each hand a patera, which is in Asia and Libya a well-known symbol of dominion, and of the receipt rather than the offering of worship. Zeus at Cyrene, Pallas at Side, and many other great city-deities carry a patera in their hand on coins of various periods. This type recurs in the Imperial series, when it is discussed. See below, No. 17. 1. CAMIQN. Hera Samia, r., in front of her, prow of Tiberius. (Imhoof.) Pl. V. 1. galley. ‚10. Otr—Forepart of galley, r. 2. Rev.—CAMINN. Sn | on on | SAMOS AND SAMLAN CUINS. ©” NUMISMAFIC CHRONICLE. Rev —CAMIWN. Sees . ~Men ns > Ge CCS ; Bearded Term facing. - (BM) Æ. :55. Pl IV. 20. AN. Hera Samia, r. - © Domitian. (Paris.) Pl. V. 2. | "Gains, (Wigan) PL V. 8. (A common type until the time of the Antonines.) 4. CAMION. + _ Imrerıan Coins. The Imperial coins of Samos stretch in a continuous series from Augustus to Gallienus. Many of them are interesting as illustrating local myths. We will disregard, in discussing them, exact order of date, and arrange them in groups as may be convenient. Those which recur in several different reigns in precisely similar form may be presumed to be copies of statues in the Heræum or else- Hera Samia, 1. . The seale of these coins is so small that we cannot . CAMIQN. (RAMI .- determine whether the Term is of Dionysiac character or not. © Hera Samis, facing, beside her, Nemesis veiled. Gallienus. 5, EAMIQN. . (B.M) PI V.4. Commodus, &c. Nemesis, veiled? a wheel at her feet. Tem Etraseilla, Valerian, 6. ZAIMIQN]. Peacock, r.; behind it, sceptre. I ON ue (B.M.) PL V.5. Agrippina, jun. | . 7 AMI QIN. Two peacocks facing each other. P . Domitian. (Mionnet, Suppl.) 1% Above, under Principal Types.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. ©. 28, -CAMIQN. an Tyche or Fortune of Samos, L, turreted: other, cornucopiae. (B.M.) PI V.6. Gallienus. Commodus, Caracalla, and later. 10. ZAMIQN. Hera Samia. facing, in tetrastyle temple. 11. ZAMINN. (B.M) PL V. 7. Caracalla. Hera Samia, facing. between peacocks, Caracalla, Macrinue. 12, CAMION. | Two naked children seated face to facc ___ Playing with astragali, between them Hera Samia Valerian the Younger, (B.M.) Pl. V,8. Caracalla, — ‘ 18. ZAMINN. . Forepart of galley, Zapaîra. Domitian, (B.M.) 14. CAMION MPOTON INNIAL. Nemesis and Hora Samia, facing, Gallienus. (B.M.) Pl. V. 9. The above types, though numerous, do not contain much that is peculiar or distinctive. : =" - - 277 Samos is of similar character. The only attribute really belonging to the Greek Nemesis which accompanies her figure is the wheel which sometimes appears at her feet (see No.®), and which may be of solar origin, though in 9. ZAMION. Hera Samia, facing. Domitian. il - SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. holds in one hand figure of Hera Samia, in the Trajan Decius. B No. 1 proves that prows of successful ships were dedicated in the Herzum. The Nemesis of No. 4 is very different from the austerk goddess of Greek poetry who rules over the very gods; and even the Nemesis-Aphrodite of the Athenians, whose statue stood at Rhamnus. She should, perhaps, rather be termed. Adrastcia, Adrasteia being a deity who was much _ worshipped in Mysia and Phrygia, and closely connec ted with the worsbip of Cybele. At Smyrna we find on the later times turned to moral account. - She is closely veiled, and looks indeed almost like Hera herself. Probably she, like the Samian Artemis Parthenia, is really representative of the same deity as the Samian Hera, a shadow or double of the great local goddess. No. 12 is a type which recurs at Ephesus under Geta, the only variety being that there the goddess in the background is, as is natural, Artemis Ephesia in place of Hera. The meaning of it is not easy to discern. We might perhaps be inclined to see in it only a copy of some noted groups of 'Aarpayahigovres preserved in the temples of Ephesus and of Samos, such groups as that by Polycleitus of which Pliny speaks in terms of very high praise.” I should almost be inclined, however, to attribute to it a religious meaning. We know that in certain temples of antiquity oracles by throw of dice were usual,!® especially in the temple of Athene Sciras in Attica, and it is no uncommon thing to find on vases pictures of warriors casting astragali sometimes for an omen of their fate, in the presence of a deity, sometimes in mere gambling. There is a difference no doubt whether the astragali used as dice are thrown by warriors with a serious purpose, or by children, and the religious purpose seems in the latter case more problematic; it is, however, possible that children may have been „coins two Nemeses, who are closely connec ted with the worship of Mater Sipylene, the local form of Cybele, and sometimes appear in a chariot drawn by griffins. They are doubiless Asiatic goddesses remoulded and made symbolical by Greek artistic fancy. The Nemesis of w Nut, Hist. xxxiv. 58. | ws So Schel. Pind., Pyth. iv. 337, kat év rots tepois dorpayakoı keivrat, ots Stuayrevovrat BaAAovres. ™ Instances collected by Welcker, Alte Denkm., iii, 1.

..smployed, aa more innocent than adults, in throw ing lots . for, oracles._ The Tyche af Samos who appears on No. 8 u SE aad a ow eer sm 5 es 7, me 2 = ~ - © a statue -did notepddress them by their proper title ; the Emperor „expresses hie conviction that the omission. was purely The claim of accidental and would not be repeated. . Following the example of the people of Antioch, who had - & statue of their city made by Eutychides, the cities of - Asia had themselves embodied by sculptors in female Samos to the title was later and less strong than that of the three great cities already mentioned. It seems only These allegorical figures play the same part in late Greek . art that the deities of cities themselves play in earlier what is more probable, that her rivals on the mainla forme who each held an appropriate object in her hand either the deity of the city or a temple or a evmbe L art, on votive monuments, for instance, and at the head of | honorary decrees. The Tyche of Samos is of a very ordinary type, and when she appears, as in No. 32 belon. without the simulacrum in her hand, does not differ f the ordinary Roman Fortuna. m u The inscription of No. 14 is noteworthy. Honorar titles such as zpern, peyiorn and pntpérolus were ea arly . claimed by the Greek cities of Asia Minor, who quarrelied among themselves for the exclusive use of them, $hough they were mere names, the shadow of an ass, as Dio -Chrysostom calls them. The particular title mpury ‘luvios was specially claimed by three cities, Pergamon, Ephesus and Smyrna, and appears on the late Imperial coins of all those cities. Not only did these three cities dispute the E precedenee among themselves, but even referred the oo weighty question to Rome; and among the inscriptions - cs =. - “SAMOS AND SAMIAN OOIKS, … °_° 279 a __NIJMISMATIC CHRONICEE, _ bearing a simulacrum of Hera is doubtless from ae brought from Ephesus by Mr. Wood" is a very amusi ng 5 Imperial rescript on the subject. It is by Antoninus Pius, and is a model of tact and sense. Evidently the 7 „Ephesians had coinplained to him that the Smyrnæans M0 Inser. from Odcum, N coverieuts Fphesus. » i di No. 3, in Appendix to Wood's Disto have been made in the reigns of Gordian III., Trajan Decius, and Gallienus, in the first of which reigns we may suppose either that Samos increased in prosperity, or, nd were beginning to suffer from Gothic incursions. The following coins of Perinthus must be here cited : NEPINOINN. | Hera Samia,r., on prow. HPA MEPINGIQN. Nero. (B.M) Pi. V. 14. Hera Samia, L Octavia. (Fox, Uned. or rare Greek coins. suppl. plate, No. 7.) The former of these coins may be, as Overbeck" suggests, an aphidryma or copy of a statue on a sculptured prow preserved at Perinthus. Or the prow may be merely symbolical, to show that the goddess came to Perinthus by sea with Samian colonists. The testimony of the second is valuable and unequivocal, showing that the Perinthians not only adopted the Hera of Samos, but considered her as their own. We must mention here an error which has arisen from a misreading of Patin. It is stated by Eckbel and Mionnet that there is on a coin a Samian goddess called MHNH. The coin is said by Patin!”” to read thus :— ui Kunstmythol., ii. 15. 2 Mon. Imp. Rom. Num., p. 58. -

„O-BEON CYNKAHTON. Male head. (Augustus.) crown. (Livia. ) Head, r., wearing turreted This, however, is a mere misreading of a common coin of Pergamon :— _ Obr.—OEON CYNKAHTON. Head of the Senate. Reu—OEAN PQ MHN- Head of Roma. ZE. 75. the letters EANPN being read as CAMIQ, and the point at the end of MHN: taken for another letter. Next in interest to the types having reference to Hera come those representing Pythagoras, who is stated by Isocrates, Pliny, and other writers to have been born in Samos, and is said by Strabo!’ to have quitted the island when Polycrates became its tyrant. 15. MVOATOPHE EAMINN. Pythagoras seated, 1, touches with wand globe on top of column; in his other hand sceptre. Trajan Decius. (B.M.) PI. V. 10: Jélia Mamea. 16. CAMINN. Pythagoras standing, L., touches with wand globe ou top of column. Commodus. 7 ou Tes _ SAMOS AND SANIAN COINS. NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. eu.—MHNH CAMION. Eni (Brera.) Pl. V. 11. 281 =~ said te have made some of extremely ingenious construc- - tion. Perhaps too the die-cutter may have known some- thing of the tenets of Pythagoras; the Pythagoreans regarded the universe as a sphere, and. made measure the essence of things. It may be doubted whether on our coin the sage is measuring or delivering. a discours? illustrated by globes. 17. EAMIQN. Nymph, r., holds in both hands a basin or shell. Trajan Decius. (Paris.) PI. V.12. Etruscilla. This figure is described by Mionnet as Venus holding a mirror; but he is clearly wrong. It seems copied from some statue, as it recurs both on autonomous and Imperial coins, and in various scales. Which among the local nymphs it may represent is uncertain ; perhaps it may be Samia, daughter of Meander, and so a river-nymph, whom Anceus wedded. 18. CAMIQN. Hunter, r., spearing wild boar. Caracalla. (B.M.) Pl. VI.1. Mamma. In other specimens a dog accompanies the hunter. 19. CAMIQN. Warrior, r., wearing helmet, slaying a figure clad as an Amazon; behind him tree. Gallienus. (Paris.) Pl, VI. 2. The globe which Pythagoras touches is rather celestial than terrestrial; Atlas is often represented as bearing such a globe, with the constellations figured upon it. That Pythagoras was looked on in later times as an astronomer is not surprising; he is said to have learned the science „of astronomy from the Chaldeans and to have made great shield, his 20. CAMIQN. Male figure running, r., holding foot on a prow. Julia Mamæa, (B.M.) PL VI. 8. Alexander Severus, &e, discoveries. Tonian colonization. Globes were favourite instruments of the astronomers of Alexandria; Archimedes in particular is "= P, 638. M4 Pliny, ii. 8 These three types seem to refer to the stories of the The hunter on No, 18 is not, as we might at first fancy, Meleager. We find an identical type at Ephesus, which shows that the hero depicted is the colonizer alike of Samos and Ephesus, Androclus,a VOL. II. THIRD SERIES.

KUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. wouhger son of Codrus, who led the Athenian colonists to the two places. He is said in the legend to have been „directed where to build Ephesus by an oracle which baile him found a city where he met a boar; and a boar ‘met him and was slain by him on the ridge where Ephesus ‘afterwards stood. A frequent type of the coins of Ephesus is a boar pierced by a spear, and a coin of Antinous in the € CIQON British Museum has the following reverse :—€ ANAPOKAOC, Androclus walking r., a spear over his shoulder and in his hand the head of: a boar; a tree behind him. Mionnet also mentions an Ephesian coin which bears the name of Androclus, and the figure of the hero attacking a boar:—a type which proves to demon- The dress is that of the Amazons, and if the stration that our attribution is correct. : No..19 may record another exploit of Androclus. The be either male figure which is being slain on this coin may or female. figure be female we may note that the Ionian shore was the home of the legend of the Amazons, and Androclus may, like Heracles, and Theseus, and Achilles, have been represented in legend as fighting against them. If the figure, however, be male, it may stand for a Carian chief; for the Carians and Leleges offered stout opposition to the Athenian settlers. The Amazonian dress, which would ill suit a Greek warrior, would very probably be transferred from the Amazons to their rivals and successors, the Carians; and this interpretation is strungly confirmed by the next _coin, which shows us an armed figure running to his ship, bare; but the shield is circular, not lunar, and the breast who seems certainly not to be an Amazon, although dressed in a thoroughly Amazonian chiton leaving one shoulder clearly male. Our hero on No. 20 seems to be flying in terror from some enemy, and escaping from him into a si er Te N ne In hd > u . “ 4 :7 7 oe 7 ie - 5> 7 SAMOS AND SAMIAN ‘corks, Bu EEN 283 - expelled | ship. He is probably one of the Garian chiefs from the district by the Greeks. The Carians were great ‘in ships; like the Amazons themselves, for on the coins of Smyrna which have as type an Amazon there is often a shipin the background. (B.M.) PL VL 5. Commodus, Caracalla, &c. 21, CAMION. Female figure cladin short chiton, advancing, 1., holds wreath and palm. Gordian IL But it is clearly This figure has been variously described by numismatists as Artemis, an athlete, &c. female, and as clearly connected with some athletic victory. I conjecture it to be Herz, the impersonation of the chief games of the island, who naturally wears a girt-up chiton like Artemis, and holds in her hands the rewards of the victors. Similarly Olympia appears on coins of Elis, Actia on those of Nicopolis, &e., and one might cite many instances in sculpture. The attitude of the figure is rather that of one who gives than of one who receives a wreath ; so that we cannot suppose it to stand for a victorious female athlete, even if such there were at in Olympia. of races of girls at the Heræa Samos, which we may well doubt, in spite of the existence : (B.M.) PI VL 18. 7 dus, &e. Hadrian, Commo- River-god reclining, 1., holds reed and cornucopie, 22. CAMIQN. Alexander Severus, We might have supposed the river here represented to be Meander, father of Samia, but for the following :— 28. IMBPACOC CAMINN. River-god reclining, 1. (Waddington.) Trajan. The Imbrasus is scarcely a river, rather a torrent; but it was made famous by the birth of Hera on its banks.

“SAMOS "AND SAMIAN COINS. ” „NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 24. .CAMINN. "Naked male figure, r., hurling stone at „serpent, ~ Gallienus. (Paris) Pl. VI.6. Gordian IH, This scene probably represents the slaying of the serpent by Cadmus at Thebes. Cadmus was brother of Europa, whom he is said to have sought before his journey to Thebes at Thera and Rhodes, and other islands of the Ægean; his myth may well therefore have found a home in Samos. We have a representation of the same scene on late coins of Tyre; only there Cadmus wears a chlamys. On the present coin he is naked; but the art of the piece is so wretched that this need not surprise us. 25. CAMION. and arrow, lion’s skin on shoulder. (B.M.) PL VI. 18, Gallienus. This type, being identical on the eoins of Philip and Gallienus, is probably taken from a statue. In that case it must probably be a copy of the colossal statue of Heracles erected by Myron-at Samos, and placed on the same base with figures of Zeus and Atheneï This “statue was removed to Rome by Mark Antony, but restored to the island by Augustus. Our coin is so rude that it is hard to say whether we can trace in it anything of Myronic style, though thereis something of archaism in the pose; it is also noteworthy that the head of Heraclesis distinctly bearded. 26. CAMIQN. Heracles and Apollo contending for the hero was much honoured in the island , and even regarded as vecist, is shown by the following piece of Perinthus :— Obv.—IQNQN TON KTICTHN. Head of Heracles, r., laur. Rer.—TIEPINGINN AIL NEQKOPON. Club. (BM) PL V. 18. We next reach several mythological types which do not embody local legends, and therefore do not imperatively require comment. 27. CAMION. Poseidon and Zeus, both facing. Commodus. (Paris) Pl. VI 7 28. CAMION. Hygieia, Asclepius, and Atys. (Paris.) Pl. VI. 10. Maerinus. (Paris.if Pl. VL 12. It may, however, be a mere mistake of the die-cutter. 29. CAMIQN. Goat, r. Trajan Decius. This animal belongs no doubt to the cult of Hermes. 80. FA MION. Ares and Aphrodite facing one another, Philip the Elder. (Paris.) The worship of Ares may have been acquired in Thrace, or introduced by the Byzantine settlers imported by Syloson. 1. 1. Apollo holding arrow and bow. Caracalla, (Vaillant.) P CAMIQN. Fortuna, I. (The Túyx of the island. ı AN. EAM! 2, "8 Strabo, p. 637. Trajan Decius. The substitution of Atys for Telesphorus is noteworthy. tripod. “Commodus. 285 There are few Heracteian types at Samos ; -but that the Heracles facing, holds in r. club, in 1, bow Philip the Elder. Elagabalus, Gordian II, &e.

. Saxon. AND:‘SAMIAN. corns * 286 er=. __ :NUMISMATIO CHRONICLE. rs LAMIAN. Two female figures, facing the spectator; . one raises her hand; the other holds on her arm a child who wears ‘modius, and carries cornucopie. Trajan Decius. (B.M) PI. VI. 9. _ 287. 86. CAMISN. Male figere clad in toga, advancing 1.; holds” in r, hand staf or roil Philip the Younger. (Paris. ) PL VL 8. Trajan Decius. On the coin in our plate both the female This type seems unexplained. The figure is that of a youth with bare head. Had it occurred on coins of young Philip only, we should have supposed it to represent figures are closely veiled, on one in the French Collection him, perhaps as a visitor to the island; but the subse- This type recurs under Valerian, and there are several “varieties of it. neither is veiled, but she to the left wears a stephane. quent recurrence under Decius seems to furbid such On a coin of Valerian in the French Collection, she who ‘holds the child appears to hold a rudder, and is so deinterpretation, unless we can suppose that an old reverse die was carelessly used. scribed by Mionnet (No. 296); but this is doubtful. No better explanation suggests itself than that the infant is Harpocrates, and the figure carrying him Isis; the resem- The last coin we shall cite records a monetary alliance between Samos and Alexandria. blance, however, of her drapery to that of Nemesis is striking. The remaining figure is doubtful; it may ‚perhaps be Hera. Most of the remaining types refer to the exploits of _Emperors. These I will pass by, with the exception of a few. 84. CAMION. Male figure facingin military dress, laureate, . holds patera and sceptre ; behind bim, gene. Philip the Elder. (Paris.) Pl. VL 4 85. APATON IQNIAC CAMIQN. : Male figure, L, on horseback ; in front of him Sarapis extending his 87. Obv.-AVT KAI M ANT TOPAIANOC. Head of Gordian HI, laur, Ke.— CAMION ONOIA. KAI AAESANAPEQN OM- Isis, standing, holding in her two hands a spread sail, (Paris.) Monetary MAGISTRATES. The following is a list of magistrates’ names on Samian coins, with statement of the period to which they belong, and the metal in which they strike. The names APTI- POY, KAYZIOZ, PEAYZIOZ, and MAFPNN are not in Pape’s Dictionary, new edition. ‘ nam, and holding sceptre in 1. hand. Trajan Decius, (Paris): ‘ The male figure of No. 84 seems to be the Emperor Philip, or his son ; and the ship in the background may show that he landed at Samos, perhaps to pay his respects to the great goddess. The figure on horseback of the next coin is the Emperor Decius; but Sarapis who greets him is not a local Samian dcity. A. Period. APIZTHIAA[Z IV. &. APTINOYE. sé, AAEZHE V. A AJZKAHMAAH(E. _,, AIFYTTOZ. KOE. Vv. Æ. . B. Perio. is. ? m2. Es 4. AEZTOMAL ” AHMHTPIOE AAYTHTOE. a ANTIA.

| | E. | NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. - Period, SAMOS AND SAMIAN OOINS, N. Period. © 289 va, Ephesus, but even ofthe names which we have, not much can be made, EYBOYAOR \ Vm PYOATOPHE. «IV. 2 two instances, those of Battus and of Hermodicus (EPMO ETIKPATHZ - AXEAQIO. IV. & NANIZKOS. ~ENITENHE. Vv. A. on copper), do we find names common to silver and copper money. As it is most unlikely that different magistrates IV. & RÉAVEIOS. nEAYZIO issued the coins in different metals, this seems to show vn. 5 ” H. HEHZIANAZ HPOAOTOE. ee a ” | OEOKAHS. y. Æ. ZIMO2. ETPATAIN. OEOMNHET[OE. „ OEOANPOE. , 1. V. Æ. ” 5 ENTALZ. T. | lEPQN. V Æ. TAYPEAS. KA]PNEIOS. KA OZ. KAEITOOQN. rv. a, TIMOKPI[TOZ. V. Æ, . i ®. OK N AEPTIINHE. AEONTIEKOE. OM MHTPORON. vn. TIIMOKAHE. Se = a ees. , In the first place it is most extraordinary that only in PEIZIETPATOE. V. "m EKATAIOZ. ©. | rn. 7 Dm. V.R. HIANTAL. | ” IV. &. Vv. Æ. | JENNAIOS. . I BIAAAE. been a magistrate, and the name is a common one, but he may well have been the Battus of our fifth period. OEOMNHETOE is one of the Samian Prytanes men- » sé ‘ XAPHMI Vv. A. Incerti MIKION. V'Æ. MHTPOANP(OS.. , Ÿ. Æ. how imperfect is our list. Again, very few of the names on coins appear in Samian inscriptions." I have only observed the following two instances in which it is likely that the same person who minted coins is mentioned in inscriptions. BATTOZ moves a decree”? to confer honours on a Sidonian named Metrodorus for favours shown to the Samians during their exile. He is not stated to have V. Æ. va. » This list must be admitted to be very disappointing. Not only is the total number of magistrates’ names, fifty-six, very small compared with the number which can be found on coins of other states of Asia Minor, notably tioned in the Rhodian judgment #8 on the dispute between Samos and Priene, a document of the middle of the third century. He is very probably identical with the monetary magistrate of our fifth period. Other names are common to inscriptions and coins, but introduced in ‘the former in a connection, or at a period, which makes it unlikely that they are the issuers of our coins. Thus AZKAHPIAAHZ, OEOANPOZ, OEOKAHE, AEONTIEKOE, and MHTPOANPOE all issued coins in our fifth period, 8.c. 322—205. Asclepiades is the name of a Samian envoy late in the second century,!!? Theodorus ne Of these there is a full list in C. Curtius’ Inschriften und Studien zur Geschichte von Samos. mC, I, 2256, Curtius, No. 12. ns Lebas and Waddington, No. 189. this name is misread as Theodorus. VOL, IE. THIRD SERIES, In the €. I, 2905, 5 E, 9 Curtius, No. 18,

XUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. nr of a Samian Demiurgus in Roman times,” Theocles of ‘an Archon at Samos at the period of Athenian posses. "sion, while Leontiscus and Metrodorus are citizens of © ‘Ephesus and Sidon, who were benefactors of Samians during the exile. It is quite likely that Samians in “ their gratitude named their children after these friends, and the children may have become monetary magistrates; but this is a mere conjecture. So, too, when we find the name of Molpus, son of Pythagores, in an inscription of the end of the fourth century,™ it is easy to suppose him a son of the Pythagores who struck money in the period before 8.c. 365. But on so slight foundations as these we cannot attempt to build. . The eponymous magistrate of Samos was, in Roman times at least, the Demiurgus.!* We hear frequently of Prytanes, and on one occasion the board of Prytanes ‘seems to have consisted of five members ;} but of course . we cannot say that it did so always. It is suggested by . the analogy of the Ephesian coinage that the monetary “magistrate at Samos was probably one of the board of Prytanes. This was indeed the usual custom in Ionian - cities, and can be shown to have prevailed elsewhere also, as at Corcyra. This probability is to some extent confirmed by the fact just cited, that Theomnestus was one of the Prytanes, and did issue coin. Of course little could be made of a detached instance like this, in the absence of inherent probabilities ; but as it precisely con. firms the view we had- most reason to accept, it may be -- allowed as an additional reason for maintaining that view. Percy GARDNER. 1% Lebas, No. 202. 2 Curtius, Nos. 10, 12, 2 Curtius, No. 6. F3 Curtius, No. 8. 4 Lebas, No. 202. 5 Lebas, No. 189. XIIL POSTSCRIPT TO THE PAPER ON THE DATES FOUND ON HINDU KABUL COINS, Since the above paper was in print I have had the advantage of conversing with Professors Oldenberg and Jacóbi, and find that they both attach more value than has been allowed in my argument, to the astronomical evidence cited by General Cunningham. Professor Jacobi has himself recalculated the tables which General Cunningham received from Pandit Bäpü Déva Shastri, and considers them to be correct. He, however, pointed out to me that, according to these tables, the year 190 a.p. will suit the dates given by General Cunningham quite as well as 167 a.n., which General Cunningham has adopted as the commencement of the Gupta era. On examining this point more closely, I find that, as a matter of fact, the year 190 suits far better, agreeing exactly with three out of the five dates given, and in the other two the differences can be corrected by supposing a slight and very probable error. General Cunningham’s argument is founded on the employment in certain cases of dates in the Gupta era, fogether with dates also in the Vrihaspati or Jovian cycle, in which the years are named after the twelve months of the Hindu year, but the name of one of the months is dropped to make the ryr/e years every eighty-sixth year in order

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. younger son of Codrus, who led the Athenian colonists to A frequent type of the coins of Ephesus the two places. He is said in the legend to have been directed where to build Ephesus by an oracle which bade him found a city where he met a boar; and a boar met him and was slain by him on the ridge where Kphesus afterwards stood. is a boar pierced by a spear, and a coin of Antinous in the British Museum has the following reverse :—E9E CIQN ANAPOKAOC, Androclus walking r., a spear over his shoulder and in his hand the head of a boar; a tree behind him. Mionnet also mentions an Ephesian coin which bears the name of Androclus, and the figure of the hero attacking a boar:—a type which proves to demonstration that our attribution is correct. No. 19 may record another exploit of Androclus. The figure which is being slain on this coin may be either male or female. The dress is that of the Amazons, and if the figure be female we may note that the Ionian shore wa: the home of the legend of the Amazons, and Androclus may, like Heracles, and Theseus, and Achilles, have been represented in legend as fighting against them. If the figure, however, be male, it may stand for a Carian chief; for the Carians and Leleges offered stout opposition to the Athenian settlers. The Amazonian dress, which would ill suit a Greek warrior, would very probably be transferred from the Amazons to their rivals and successors, the Carians: Our hero on No. 20 seems to be flying in and this interpretation is strungly confirmed by the next coin, which shows us an armed figure running to his ship, who seems certainly not to bean Amazon, although dressed in a thoroughly Amazonian chiton leaving one shoulder bare; but the shield is circular, not lunar, and the breast clearly male. terror from some enemy, and escaping from him into & SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS, 283 ship. He is probably one of the Carian chiefs expelled from the district by the Greeks. The Carians were great in ships; like the Amazons themselves, for on the coins of Smyrna which have as type an Amazon there is often a ship in the background. Female figure clad in short chiton, advanc(B.M.) Pl. VL 5. Commodus, Caraealla, &e. ing, 1., holds wreath and palm. 21. CAMION. Gordian UL This figure has been variously described by numis- I conjecture it to be Heræa, the impersonation matists as Artemis, an athlete, &c. But it is clearly female, and as clearly connected with some athletic victory. of the chief games of the island, who naturally wears a Similarly Olympia appears on girt-up chiton like Artemis, and holds in her hands the coins of Elis, Actia on those of Nicopolis, &c., and one rewards of the victors. might cite many instances in sculpture. The attitude of the figure is rather that of one who gives than of vue who receives a wreath ; so that we cannot suppose it to stund for a victorious female athlete, even if such there were at of races of girls at the Heræa in Olympia. Samos, which we may well doubt, in spite of the existence (B.M.) PL VI. 18. dus, &e. Hadrian, Commo- River-god reclining, 1., holds reed and cornucopix. 22. CAMIQN. Alexander Severus. We might have supposed the river here represented to (Waddington. ) River-god reelining, 1. :— be Meander, futher of Samia, but for the following 23. IMBPACOC CAMINN. The Imbrasus is scarcely a river, rather a torrent : lu: it was made famous by the birth uf Hera on its banks.

nUuMiISMATIC CHRONICLE. “SAMOS AND SAMIAN<= COINS. younger son of Codrus, who led the Athenian colonists to - ship. He is probably one of the Carian chiefs expelled the two places. He is said in the legend to have been directed where to build Ephesus by an oracle which bade him found a city where he met a boar; and a boar met him and was slain by him on the ridge where Ephesus afterwards stood. A frequent type of the coins of Ephesus is a boar pierced by a spear, and a coin of Antinous in the British Museum has the following reverse :—€ DE CIQN ANAPOKAOC, Androclus walking r., a spear over his shoulder and in his hand the head of a boar; a tree behind him. Mionnet also mentions an Ephesian coin which bears the name of Androclus, and the figure of the hero attacking a boar:—a type which proves to demonstration that our attribution is correct. * No. 19 may record another exploit of Androclus. The figure which is being slain on this coin may be either male or female. The dress is that of the Amazons, and if the figure be female we may note that the Ionian shore was the home of the legend of the Amazons, and Androclus may, like Heracles, and Theseus, and Achilles, have been represented in legend as fighting against them. If the figure, however, be male, it may stand for a Carian chief; for the Carians and Leleges offered stout opposition to the Athenian settlers. The Amazonian dress, which would ill suit a Greek warrior, would very probably be transferred from the Amazons to their rivals and successors, the Carians; and this interpretation is strungly confirmed by the next coin, which shows us an armed figure running to his ship, who seems certainly not to bean Amazon, although dressed in a thoroughly Amazonian chiton leaving one shoulder bare ; but the shield is circular, not lunar, and the breast clearly male. Our hero on No. 20 seems to be flying in terror from some enemy, and escaping from him into a from the district by the-Greeks. 283 The Carians were great in ships; like the Amazons themselves, for on the coins of Smyrna which have as type an Amazon there is often a ship in tbe background. 21. CAMION. Female figure clad in short chiton, advancing, 1., holds wreath and palm. Gordian III. (B.M.) Pl. VI. 5. Commodus, Caracalla, &e. This figure has been variously described by numismatists as Artemis, an athlete, &c. But it is clearly femule, and as clearly connected with some athletic victory. I conjecture it to be Heræa, the impersonation of the chief games of the island, who naturally wears a girt-up chiton like Artemis, and holds in her hands the rewards of the victors. Similarly Olympia appears on coins of Elis, Actia on those of Nicopolis, &c., and one might cite many instances in sculpture. The attitude of the figure is rather that of one who gives than of one who receives a wreath ; so that we cannot suppose it to stand for a victorious female athlete, even if such there were at Samos, which we may well doubt, in spite of the existence of races of girls at the Hergea in Olympia. 22. CAMIQIN. River-god reclining, 1, holds reed and cornucopie. Alexander Severus. (B.M.) Pl. VI 18, Hadrian, Commodus, &c. We might have supposed the river here represented to be Meeander, father of Samia, but for the following :— 23. IMBPACOC CAMION. River-god reclining. 1. (Waddington.) Trajan. The Imbrasus is scarcely a river, rather a torrent : but it was made famous by the birth of Hera on its banks.

KUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 24 CAMION. SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. Naked male figure, r., hurling stone at serpent, Gallienus. (Paris) Pl. VI.6. Gordian II. 285 There are few Heracleian types at Samos ; but that the hero was much honoured in the island, and even regarded as oecist, is shown by the following piece of Perinthus :— This scene probably represents the slaying of the serpent by Cadmus at Thebes. Cadmus was brother of Europa, whom he is said to have sought before his Ove LQNQN TON KTIETHN. Head of Heracles, r., journey to Thebes at Thera and Rhodes, and other islands Rer.—NEPINGIQN AIL NEQKOPON. laur. of the Ægean; his myth may well therefore have found a home in Samos. We have a representation of the same scene on late coins of Tyre; only there Cadmus wears a chlamys. On the present coin he is naked; but the art of the piece is so wretched that this need not surprise us. 25. LAMIQN. Heracles fcing, holds in r. club, in I, bow and arrow, lion’s skin on shoulder, Philip the Elder, (B.M) PL VI. 18. Gallienus. This type, being identical on the coins of Philip and Gallienus, is probably taken from a statue. In that case it must probably be a copy of the colossal statue of Heracles erected by Myron at Samos, and placed on the Club. (BM) PI. Ÿ. 18. We next reach several mythological types which do not embody local legends, and therefore do not imperatively require comment. 27. CAMIQN. Poseidon and Zeus, both facing. Commodus. 28. CAMION. (Paris) Pl. VL 7. Hygieia, Asclepius, and Atys. Trajan Decius. (Paris) Pl. VI, 12. The substitution of Atys for Telesphorus is noteworthy. It may, however, be a mere mistake of the dic-cutter. 29. CAMION. Goat, r. Trajan Decius. same base with figures of Zeus and Athene. This statue was removed to Rome by Mark Antony, but restored to the island by Augustus. Our coin is so rude that it is hard to say whether we can trace in it anything of Myronic style, though there is something of archaism in the pose; it is also noteworthy that the head of Heracles is distinctly bearded. 26. CAMIQN. Heracles and Apollo contending for the tripod, Commodus. (Paris.) Pl. VI.10. We Strabo, p.687, Macrinus. This animal belongs no doubt to the cult of Hermes. 80. LAMISIN. Ares and Aphrodite facing one another, Philip the Elder. (Puris.) The worship of Ares may have been acquired in Thrace, or introduced by the Byzantine settlers imported by Syloson. 81. EAMIQIN. Apollo holding arrow and bow. 32, CAMIQN. Fortuna, 1. Caracalla, (Vaillant.) (The Tey of the island: Elagabalus, Gordian LL, ac.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 83. CAMIQN. SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. Two female figures, facing the spectator: one raises her hand; the other holds on ber arm a child who wears "modius, and carries cornucopie. Trajan Decius. (B.M.) Pl. VI 9. 1.; holds 86. CAMISN. Male figure cladin toga, advancing in r. hand staff or roll. Philip the Younger. (Paris) Pl. VI. 8, Trajan Decius, The figure is that of a This type seems unexplained. This type recurs under Valerian, and there are several varieties of it. On the coin in our plate both the female figures are closely veiled, on one in the French Collection neither is veiled, but she to the left wears a stephane. 287 youth with bare head. Had it occurred on coins of young Philip ouly, we should have supposed it to represent him, perhaps as a visitor to the island; but the subsequent recurrence under Decius seems to forbid such Ou a coin of Valerian in the French Collection, she who interpretation, unless we can suppose that an old reverse holds the child appears to hold a rudder, and is so described by Mionnet (No. 296); but this is doubtful. No die was carelessly used. better explanation suggests itself than that the infant is between Samos and Alexandria. Harpocrates, and the figure carrying him Isis; the resemblance, however, of her drapery to that of Nemesis is striking. The remaining figure is doubtful; it may perhaps be Hera. Most of the remaining types refer to the exploits of Emperors. The last coin we shall cite records a monetary alliance 87. Olt —AVT KAI M ANT TOPAIANOC. Head of Gordian UT., laur. _ lie —CAMINN KAI AAEZANAPENN OMONOIA. Isis, standing, holding in her two hands a spread sail, (Paris. ) These I will pass by, with the exception of a few. Mowxerary MAGISTRATES. The following is a list of magistrates’ names on Samian 34. CAMISN. Male figure facingin military dress, laureate, holds patera and sceptre; behind him, galley. Philip the Elder. (Paris.) Pl. VL 4 coins, with statement of the period to which they belong, 85. NPATNN INNIAL CAMION. Male figure, 1, on horseback; in front of him Sarapis extending his r. arm, and holding sceptre in 1, hand. not in Pape’s Dictionary, new edition. Trajan Decius. (Paris.) The male figure of No. 84 seems to be the Emperor Philip, or his son ; and the ship in the background may show that he landed at Samos, perhaps to pay his respects to the great goddess. The figure on horseback of the next coin is the Emperor Decius ; but Sarapis who greets him is not a local Samian deity. and the metal in which they strike. The names APTI- POY, KAYZIOZ. MEAYZIOE, and MAFPNN are A. Period, B. Triad, APIETHIAA[Z. IV. A. BATIE. ? Im. a. AAEZHZ V. Æ, AUTIPOYE: » AJZKAHMIAAH{E. „, AIFYPTOS. Vv. Æ. APS OMAIXOZ. AAYPHTOE. * N BATTOZ VAE. A AHMHTPIOZ ANTIA.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. Period. EPIKPATHE AXEAQIO. IV, A. ENITENHE. EPMOAIKOS. EYBOYAOZ. EKATAIOE. V. A. V. &. Æ, Vz. » H. HMHZIANAZ. IV, &, SAMOS AND SAMIAN COINS. N. Period, NANIEKOZ, V. &, PYOATOPHE. IV. A. POTHE. » PEIZIETPATOE. V. &. MAPIE. V. Æ. MEAYZIOZ. ” RATPON. ys |, ... BIAAAZ. two instances, those of Battus and of Hermodicus (EPMO on copper), do we find names common to silver and copper money. As it is most unlikely that different magistrates issued the coins in different metals, this seems to show how imperfect is our list. Again, very few of the names on coins appear in Samian inscriptions. V. Æ. „ M T. MHTPOANPIOZ. Ephesus, but even of the names which we have, not much can be made. In the first place it is most extraordinary that only in m. HPIOS. HPOAOTOS. WR x. ©. OEOKAHE. F. Æ, ZIMOS. ZTPATQIN. OEOMNHETIOZ. , ZNTAE. OEOANPOS. » I. IEPON. VE TAYPEAZ. TIMOKAHE. K. KA]PNEIOE. IV, 2. TIMOKPI[TOE. 4. KAYZIOZ. Y. À KAEITOPQN. ns PPAET OP. A. PIATHE. AHZIANAE. ? Wa PIAOZEN[OZ. AEQZ. „ ANT AS. AOXITHE. » AENTIINHE. „ X. AEONTIEKOE. vn. XAPHM[ M. MHTPOPON. V. &. Incerti. MEAANI > MIKION. V. 2. JENNAIOS. 28u VRR VE. vs I have only observed the following two instances in which it is likely that the same person who minted coins is mentioned in inscriptions. BATTOE moves a decree! to confer honours on a Sidonian named Metrodorus for favours shown to the Samians during their exile. He is not stated to have been a magistrate, and the name is a common one, but he IV. &. may well have been the Battus of our fifth perien. OEOMNHETOE is one of the Samian Prytanes inntioned in the Rhodian judgment '* on the dispute between V. Z. Samos and Priene, a document of the middle of the third 5 5 century. He is very probably identical with the monetary magistrate of our fifth period. Va. Other names are common to inscriptions and coins, but introduced in the former in a connection, or at a period, which makes it unlikely that they are the issuers of our coins. Thus AEKAHMIAAHE, OEOANPOZ, OEOKAHZ, AEONv2. a This list must be admitted to be very disappoint ing Not onlis y the total number of magistrates’ names, . a fifty-six, very small compared with the number whic TIEKOE, and MHTPOANPOZ all issued coins in our fifth period, ».c. 322—205. h can be found on coins of other states of Asi a Minor, notably Asclepiades is the name oi a Samian envoy late in the second century,! Theodorus ne Of these there is a full list in C. Curtius’ Inschriften wid Stuten zur Geschichte von Samos. ri CL. 2256, Curtins, No. 12. "> Lebas and Waddington, No. 189. this name is misread as ‘Theodorus. You. LL CFHIRI SERIES. In the €. 7..2o05.5 Me Curtius, Nu. 18,

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. of a Samian Demiurgus in Roman times, Theocles of an Archon at Samos at the period of Athenian possession, 2! while Leontiscus and Metrodorus are citizens of Ephesus and Sidon, who were benefactors of Samians during the exile.!? It is quite likely that Samians in their gratitude named their children after these friends, and the children may have become monetary magistrates; but this is a mere conjecture. So, too, when we find the name of Molpus, son of Pythagores, in an inscription of the end of the fourth century, it is easy to suppose him a son of the Pythagores who struck money in the period before 8.c. 365. But on so slight foundations as these we cannot attempt to build. The eponymous magistrate of Samos was, in Roman times at least, the Demiurgus."4 We hear frequently of Prytanes, and on one occasion the board of Prytanes seems to have consisted of five members : but of course we cannot say that it did so always. It is suggested by the analogy of the Ephesian coinage that the monetary magistrate at Samos was probably one of the board of Prytanes. This was indeed the usual custom in Tonian cities, and can be shown to have prevailed elsewhere also, as at Corcyra. This probability is to some exteut confirmed by the fuct just cited, that Theomnestus was one of the Prytanes, and did issue coin. Of course little could be made of a detached instance like this, in the absence of inherent probabilities ; but as it precisely confirms the view we had most reason to accept, it may be allowed as an additional reason for maintaining that view. Percy GARDNER. MD Lebas, No. 202. '2 Curtius. Nos. 10, 12. # Lebas, No. 202. 1 Curtius, No. 6. 23 Curtius. No. 8. # Lebas, No, 189,

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